A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as an 'Accepted Article', doi: 10.1111/cei.12861This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
2
ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The African region has 24% of the world TB cases. TB overlaps with other infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV which are also highly prevalent in the African region. TB is a leading cause of death among HIVpositive patients and co-infection with HIV and TB has been described as a syndemic. In view of the overlapping epidemiology of these diseases, it is important to understand the dynamics of the immune response to TB in the context of co-infection. We investigated the cytokine response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from TB patients coinfected with HIV or malaria and compared it to that of malaria-and HIV-free TB patients. A total of 231 subjects were recruited for this study and classified into 6 groups; Untreated TB positive, TB positive subjects on TB drugs, TB and HIV positive, TB and malaria positive, latent TB, and apparently healthy control subjects. Our results demonstrate maintenance of IFN-γ production in HIV and malaria co-infected TB patients in spite of lower CD4 counts in the HIV-infected cohort. Malaria co-infection caused an increase in the production of the Th2-associated cytokine IL-4 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in PPD-stimulated cultures. These results suggest that malaria co-infection diverts immunity response against M. tuberculosis towards a Th-2/antiinflammatory response which might have important consequences for disease progression.
Keywords: tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, co-infection, cytokines
Page 32 of 52 Clinical Experimental ImmunologyThis article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.3 Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale [1]. Pulmonary tuberculosis caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of death due to a bacterial pathogen and is responsible for 1.4 million deaths annually [2]. In 2011, there were an estimated 8.7 million new cases of TB and 1.4 million people died from TB, including almost one million deaths among HIV-negative individuals and 430,000 among people who were HIV positive [3]. TB is second only to HIV/AIDS as the biggest killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent [4]. Host immune response...
The study was designed to evaluate some cellular immune index of HIV infected participants. For the study, 80 HIV infected participants were recruited for the study. They were aged 15 - 55 years. 45 of these participants were classified as Symptomatic HIV (Stage 11), while the remaining 35 were Asymptomatic HIV (Stage 1). Similarly, 40 HIV seronegative participants served as Control. Blood samples collected from the participants were used HIV screening and confirmation, CD4+ T cell count, absolute lymphocyte count and percent lymphocyte transformation. The CD4+T cell count and percent Lymphocyte Transformation count were significantly lowered in HIV infected participants compared with the HIV Seronegative participants (p<0.05 in each case). Symptomatic HIV seropositive participants also presented with lowered CD4 and percent lymphocyte transformation, compared with the asymptomatic HIV participants (p<0.05 in each case). The lowered CD4+T cell count suggests possible quantitative destruction of cellular immune cells (mainly Th1 cells). While the lowered percent blast formation in HIV infection indicates functional derangement of the cellular immune cells. Meanwhile no significant difference was observed in absolute lymphocyte count among the symptomatic, asymptomatic and control participants (p> 0.05).
standard, the sensitivity of the RDT was 80%, the specificity was 93.8%. The positive and negative predictive values were 76.2% and 94.9% respectively. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the RDT demonstrated reasonable concordance with microscopy and was recommended for use at every level of healthcare in the diagnosis of malaria.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.