FIGURE 2. A, Exenteration specimen, arrow points to the tumor arising from the optic nerve with orbital extension. B, Low power view shows the tumor surrounding optic nerve (H&E Â 40). C, Characteristic medullary epithelial cords and rosettes (H&E Â 400).

Recent advance in medical education is in correlation with the advances in information technology and thus computer‐based learning is being increasingly employed. The objective of the present study was to design and evaluate an e‐learning module in anatomy and assess the perceptions of students and faculty about this e‐learning module. The participating students were randomized into three groups by block stratified randomization and Google groups were created for each of the three groups. The e‐learning module was implemented in three sessions by rotating the three groups. Validated questionnaires were sent to faculty and participating students via Google forms to obtain feedback. The results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference among the groups in terms of marks obtained with conventional (F = 2.403, P = 0.103), online (F = 6.050, P = 0.005), and blended (F = 5.801, P = 0.006). Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test, about the gain of knowledge, indicated that the results were insignificant when comparing the conventional group with the online group, but were significant when comparing the blended group with the conventional and online group. The qualitative data regarding the perception of students toward e‐learning were analyzed using thematic analysis. The introduction of an interactive e‐learning module in anatomy was effective and well received by the students and faculty. The study showed that blended learning has a positive impact on the students' learning by improving cognitive gain and receptive perception for e‐learning.

Background: The distinctive morphology of the human hip bone makes it of interest from anatomical, anthropological and forensic point of view. Thus, by using visual criteria, metric techniques and discriminant function analysis we can estimate the age, sex and race of an individual. Objective was to do the morphometry of 60 dry human hip bones in Kashmiri population in order to evaluate the various parameters of the hip bone.Methods: The study was done on 60 randomly collected Kashmiri adult unpaired hip bones of unknown sex to analyse and evaluate the weight, length, width and the Coxal index of hip bone. All the hip bones selected were dry, complete and showed normal anatomical features. Specimens showing osteoarthritic changes, evidence of any previous trauma or skeletal disorders was excluded from the study.Results: The raw data obtained was statistically analysed. Range, mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean were determined for each parameter. All values were compared with series of other workers to draw the conclusions.Conclusions: From this study, it was concluded that right hip bone has larger parameters and greater strength of skeletal elements. The difference seen between the values of present study and that of other workers could be explained on the basis of ethnic and racial variations.

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This paper examines whether the household's spending on education based on gender exhibits pro-boy bias or not. The study examines two potential mechanisms through which the gender-based difference in education spending can situate itself. Firstly, the association of gender with the enrolment of children in schools is tested. Secondly, the difference in expenditure on education of children, conditional on enrolling them in schools, is examined. The study used multiple regression analysis and chi-square test to achieve its objectives. The data for the study was collected through a structured interview schedule. The data for the study was collected at individual level. The results of the analysis reveal that, on the whole, gender has no association with the school enrolment. The study found that the annual household expenditure on boys is 7.35% higher than on girls.

The present study documents three facies associations recorded from the Patherwa Formation. These facies are related to tidally influenced fluvial channel (Facies association A), tidal channel (Facies association B) and tidal sand bar/tidal flat sandy facies (Facies association C). The spatio-temporal variation of these facies associations and palaeocurrent trends suggest tide dominated estuarine system. The estuaries were operational along a 60 km long NW-SE trending palaeo-shoreline. The Patherwa Formation grades up-section into facies packages of increasing tidal energy and terminate with the deposition within the upper flow regime estuarine settings

The primary objective of the study was to scrutinize the effect of exchange rate volatility on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and Indian exports during the flexible exchange rate period. The bounds testing procedure confirmed the presence of a single (stable) long-run relationship between exports, conditional exchange rate volatility, and unconditional exchange rate volatility. The autoregressive distributed lag model verified that volatility in Indian rupee vis-à-vis USD had a significant (negative) impact on Indian exports and FDI inflows. Besides, trade openness and gross domestic product, in the long run, were positive and significant in explaining the exports and FDI inflows. Based on the empirical results, India should devise suitable macroeconomic policies to reduce exchange rate volatility to make the export-led growth strategy a success. Moreover, emerging and progressive economies like India should strengthen and streamline their domestic foreign exchange markets without compromising the level of trade openness. More precisely, the forward exchange markets’ coverage should be broadened, as they provide protection (hedging) against the exchange rate volatility in the long run.