Background: To study the profile of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in tertiary care hospital setting, representing almost the whole affected population in Kashmir valley of India. Methodology: A total of 910 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled over four years. Among these, cases of MDR-TB and XDR-TB were meticulously studied for drug susceptibility, treatment, adverse effects profile and overall survival. Results: Fifty-two (5.7%) cases of MDR-TB were identified, among which eight (15.3%) were diagnosed as XDR-TB on the basis of drug susceptibility testing, using the prescribed definition. The cases were sensitive to 2, 3, 4, 5 and more than 5 drugs in almost equal proportions. Thirty-seven (71.1%) cases were successfully cured; eleven (21.1%) patients died; and only four (7.6%) cases defaulted, indicating overall satisfactory adherence to treatment. Conclusion: For effective treatment of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, early case detection, improved laboratory facilities, availability of appropriate treatment regimens, and financial assistance in resource-limited settings through effective political intervention are necessary for better patient adherence and overall cure.
A 28-year-old woman without any history of prior antituberculosis treatment presented with cervical lymphadenopathy and a cold abscess near medial end of clavicle of 5 months duration. Pus culture and sensitivity revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid. Thus she was diagnosed as a case of primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and treated with second line drugs according to culture susceptibility pattern. On completion of therapy, patent showed good clinical response. This case highlights the observation that even extra-pulmonary primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can be successfully treated with currently available second line drugs.
Physical activity and exercise on a regular basis can help you stay healthy, energetic, and independent as you age. Exercise is essential in preventing health problems such as heart disease and stroke. Many studies have demonstrated the health benefits of regular exercise. This report examines the evidence regarding the health benefits of exercise across the board. Physical activity and exercise can help to lower stress and anxiety, enhance happy neurotransmitters, promote self-confidence, boost brain function, improve memory, and strengthen our muscles and bones. It also aids in the prevention and treatment of heart disease, obesity, blood sugar swings, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It also aids in the prevention and treatment of heart disease, obesity, blood sugar swings, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Regular physical activity has been shown the useful in the primary and secondary prevention of a variety of chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression, and osteoporosis) as well as premature death.
A 32 -year- old male presented with complaints of fever, dry cough, breathlessness and right sided chest pain of two months duration. Chest radiograph showed right sided hydropneumothorax which revealed frank pus on diagnostic thoracocentesis, for which tube thoracostomy was done. Despite vigorous broad spectrum antibiotic coverage, postural drainage and chest physiotherapy, there was no clinical improvement. Further work up included serology, pleural fluid culture, closed as well as thoracoscopic guided pleural biopsy revealed growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. Patient was prescribed antifungal medication (Voriconazole) and subsequent thoracotomy with right sided pneumonectomy showed good clinical recovery.
In the modern era, especially in the elderly males, the geriatric age group, people come with complaints of the prostate gland. The frequency of the prostate disorders has been on the increase and disorders such as prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer have been on the rise. To study the various changes the prostate undergoes during its development as the age passes by is a topic of immense interest and I have made an attempt to study the same. Most of the complaints to a doctor are because of problems in the abdomino pelvic region. It has been found that of all the cases in out patients department 75 percent people complain of symptoms in the region of abdomen and pelvis. Especially in case of males the complaints in the pelvic region are comparable to females. As we have predominantly symptoms related to ovaries and cervix in case of females similarly we have growing concerns problems concerning prostate in males. Being a very important organ of the male genito urinary system and the rapid progress made in the field of Anatomy, Histology, Pathology Surgery, Radiology the finer details about the organs makes our study more interesting and mind absorbing.
The anatomical localization of Inguinal region is important especially to pediatric surgeons and General Surgeons. A thorough understanding of groin anatomy is essential to successful inguinal hernia treatment. Conservative management of asymptomatic inguinal hernias is usually acceptable and Elective repair of inguinal hernias can be undertaken using a laparoscopic or open approach .Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair results in less pain and faster recovery, yet requires specialized training and equipment. Without the knowledge of surgical anatomy surgeon can damage many vital structures in this region. The incidence of complications of inguinal hernia surgery is about 10 percent in United states and recent data from India suggests complication rates of order of 20-25 percent in Hospital settings which can increase to about 30-35 percent in District Hospitals will ill equipped theatres and lack of Full Expertise.
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