Microbial desalination cell (MDC) offers a new and sustainable approach to desalinate saltwater by directly utilizing the electrical power generated by bacteria during organic matter oxidation. In this study, we used microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris in the cathode chamber to produce oxygen as an electron accepter by photosynthesis process for generate bioelectricity power and treat oil refinery wastewater by microorganisms in both anode and cathode.The power density generated by this Photosynthetic Microbial Desalination Cell (PMDC) with 1KΩ external resistance at the first 4th hr. of operation period was 0.678 W/m3 of anode volume and 0.63 W/m3 of cathode volume. It increased after one day to a peak value of (4.32 W/m3 of anode volume and 4.013 W/m3 of cathode volume). The microalgae growth in the biocathode chamber followed in terms of optical density. The optical density increased from 0.546 at the beginning of the system operation to 1.71 after 24 days of operation period. The percentage removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of oil refinery wastewater was 97.33% and 79.22% in anode and cathode chamber, respectively. The microalgae in the biocathode were able to remove volatile compounds causing odor from the influent wastewater. TDS removal rate 159.722 ppm/h with initial TDS in desalination chamber of 35000 ppm.
A popularity café in Baghdad city was chosen to measure the dispersion of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and carbon monoxide (CO) as examples of the Indoor Air Pollutants (IAPs) which are considered a significant environmental problem. The aims of this research were, firstly, to measure the variation of NO 2 and CO concentrations; secondly, to examine the effect of the seasonal variation of indoor temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) on the dispersion of both NO 2 and CO and finally to compare the results with those of the global standards. The volume of café was about 360 m 3 and the number of smokers was about 25-35 smoker/day. This work was divided into two parts where the first part includes the experimental work which comprised the measurement of NO 2 and CO by GIGs devices. It was lasted about five months commencing from November 2017 to March 2018 and the readings were taken during two intervals at partial time and during peak time. The second part includes the analysis of obtained results and compared the results of those of the global standards for the Indoor Air Quality suggested by WHO, EPA, and European criteria in order to achieve the goals of this work. The results from this research have highlighted a clear increase in the concentrations of NO 2 and CO along with the growing numbers of smokers. Furthermore, the concentrations of NO 2 and CO were close to some global standard values of short-term exposure at peak time.
This system [microbial desalination cell (MDC)] is considered an excellent sustainable process to treat wastewater by biological anaerobic oxidation of the organic material by electroactive bacteria, desalinate saltwater, and electrical power generation. In the present work, MDC was used for treating oil refinery wastewater in the anode chamber by anaerobic bacteria. Simultaneously, an air pump was used to provide the oxygen to the cathode chamber as an electron acceptor to generate bioelectricity power. The power density generated by this air cathode MDC with 1KΩ external resistance at the 1st experiment was 71.11 μW/m2. It increased to a peak value of 570.86 μW/m2 at the last experiment. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal percent of oily wastewater was 96%. The higher salinity removal rate 150.39 ppm/h with a first salt concentration in a desalinating chamber of 35000 ppm.
For the importance of groundwater and being the second natural source of water after surface water, it is necessary to know the quality, features and hydrological surfaces of this water. For this reason, 15 wells were chosen in the Al Yusufiyah sub-district to study the quality of groundwater based on multivariate statistical methods as well as the Piper chart. These methods proved successful in characterizing the study of groundwater chemistry and can be relied upon for ground and surface water in other regions. The quality of the groundwater in Al Yousifiyah, according to Piper’s scheme, the alkalinity increases with the presence of sulfate and chloride, depending on the type of soil. From the analysis of the correlation matrix, the totals were found to be Ca, Mg, and Cl., Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4, as well as Ca, Na, Mg, Cl, SO4, and HCO3. From the mass analysis, the first K, second Na, third Ca, fourth Mg, SO4 and fifth Cl, HCO3 were obtained. Finally, from the main component analysis, hydrogeochemical facies were found: Cl, SO4, Ca, HCO3, Mg, and Na, Respectively.
A microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a new approach to bioelectrochemical systems. It provides a more sustainable way to electrical power production, saltwater desalination, and wastewater treatment at the same time. This study examined three operation modes of the MDC: chemical cathode, air cathode, and biocathode MDC, to give clear sight of this system's performance. The experimental work results for these three modes were recorded as power densities generation, saltwater desalination rates, and COD removal percentages. For the chemical cathode MDC, the power density was 96.8 mW/m2, the desalination rate was 84.08 ppm/hr, and the COD removal percentage was 95.94%. The air cathode MDC results were different; the power density was 24.2 mW/m2, the desalination rate was 86.11 ppm/hr, and the COD removal percentage was 91.38%. The biocathode MDC results were 19.91 mW/m2 as the power density, 88.9 ppm/hr as the desalination rate, and 96.94% as the COD removal percentage. The most efficient type of MDC in this study in power production was the chemical cathode MDC, but it is the lowest sustainable. On the other hand, the biocathode MDC was the best in desalination process performance, and both the air cathode and biocathode MDC are more sustainable and environmentally friendly, especially the biocathode MDC.
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