Purpose
This study aims to identify the key activities after sales and the intended criteria by the customers, considering their expected services after the product purchase process.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is a qualitative approach, and the co-creation logic and the Delphi technique were used in two rounds to design and validate the proposed model. To achieve this study’s aims, extensive literature, interviews, interaction and exploratory meetings were reviewed with manufacturers and consumers, and then the dimensions of the proposed model were regulated, corrected and validated in the two-round Delphi technique. The final model is presented after establishing the model in the test pilots and getting feedback from industry experts. To present a conceptual model, the enabler’s logic and the underlying results in the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model were used.
Findings
The findings of this study include the identification of dimensions for the after-sales services model and the designing of a conceptual model in both sections of enablers and results. The enabler section of the proposed model includes seven dimensions, three main sectors and four support sections.
Practical implications
This model can be used to design, deploy or improve after-sales services system in manufacturing companies.
Originality/value
For the first time in an innovative procedure, the approach of value co-creation was used to design one of the organizational systems (after-sale services system). On the other hand, the conceptual pattern was proposed inspired by the EFQM Excellence Model, to create the necessary proportionality between the enabler and results sections.
Infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) cause diseases in cattle with serious economic consequences worldwide. The objective of the present study was to determine of herd-level and animal-level BVDV, BoHV-1, and BPIV-3 seroprevalence, and evaluate some of the associated risk factors on farms in Qazvin province, Northwestern Iran. A total of 1036 cattle in 16 herds were randomly selected, and their serum samples were tested to detect antibodies to these viruses in a cross-sectional study over 2 years. The results showed the seroprevalence of BVDV, BoHV-1, and BPIV-3 was 100%, 56.3%, and 100% at herd-level and 55.1%, 5.1%, and 95.2% at animal-level, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that the farm was a strong risk factor for all the studied viruses, while the year was determined as a risk factor for only BVDV (P<0.001). The seroprevalence of BVDV and BPIV-3 was significantly (P<0.01) affected by season. The proportion of seropositive cows increased with age for BVDV and BoHV-1 (P<0.001). Concurrent infection was the highest in mixed infections with BVDV and BPIV-3 (53.2%), and there was a positive correlation between BVDV and BoHV-1 seropositivity (R2= 0.106, P<0.001). The present study shows that infections of BVDV and BPIV-3 are common in cattle in Northwestern Iran and which implies the need to implement control programs to reduce the risk of the spread of these viruses.
With the development of hybrid electric vehicles and wind turbines, the demand for improved efficiency, increased maintenance life, increased reliability, reduced noise, and environmental considerations has increased. Meanwhile, magnetic gearboxes, in particular the technology of continuous variable transmission (CVT) systems, provide an opportunity to meet these needs. In this paper, while presenting four topologies of a novel coaxial hybrid-rotor CVT magnetic gearbox with a consequent-pole high-speed rotor, a simple precise semi-analytical model is presented based on the subdomain method for calculating the magnetic performance characteristics of the gearboxes. Magnetic equations have been rewritten in a pseudo-Cartesian coordinate system, and by applying the appropriate boundary conditions and interface conditions, the general solution and their coefficients have been extracted using the separation of the variables method. The performance characteristics of four studied gearboxes were compared semi-analytically and numerically. A prototype coaxial consequent-pole magnetic gearbox has been fabricated and the results of semi-analytical modeling have been compared with the results of numerical simulations and the experimental tests. The maximum error percentage of the results of numerical simulations and experimental tests is about three, which shows that the proposed semi-analytical model has a high accuracy. A comparison of magnetic torque, torque ripple and induced voltage is carried out between the investigated designs.
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