A two-year serological study of bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 in Qazvin dairy cattle farms, Northwestern of Iran

Abstract

Infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) cause diseases in cattle with serious economic consequences worldwide. The objective of the present study was to determine of herd-level and animal-level BVDV, BoHV-1, and BPIV-3 seroprevalence, and evaluate some of the associated risk factors on farms in Qazvin province, Northwestern Iran. A total of 1036 cattle in 16 herds were randomly selected, and their serum samples were tested to detect antibodies to these viruses in a cross-sectional study over 2 years. The results showed the seroprevalence of BVDV, BoHV-1, and BPIV-3 was 100%, 56.3%, and 100% at herd-level and 55.1%, 5.1%, and 95.2% at animal-level, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that the farm was a strong risk factor for all the studied viruses, while the year was determined as a risk factor for only BVDV (P<0.001). The seroprevalence of BVDV and BPIV-3 was significantly (P<0.01) affected by season. The proportion of seropositive cows increased with age for BVDV and BoHV-1 (P<0.001). Concurrent infection was the highest in mixed infections with BVDV and BPIV-3 (53.2%), and there was a positive correlation between BVDV and BoHV-1 seropositivity (R2= 0.106, P<0.001). The present study shows that infections of BVDV and BPIV-3 are common in cattle in Northwestern Iran and which implies the need to implement control programs to reduce the risk of the spread of these viruses.

Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus Detection Methods and Prevalence in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The individual article proportions ranged from 0.04 to 0.95. Specifically, the lowest prevalence was reported by Virakul et al (1985) [42] at 0.04, while the highest prevalence was observed in the article by Hashemi et al (2022) [43] at 0.95 (Figures 4 and S1 and Table 1). After outlier detection and removal, a total of 26 articles were included, consisting of 13,761 observations and 9326 events.…”

“…The individual article proportions ranged from 0.04 to 0.95. Specifically, the lowest prevalence was reported by Virakul et al (1985) [42] at 0.04, while the highest prevalence was observed in the article by Hashemi et al (2022) [43] at 0.95 (Figure 4, Figure S1 and Table 1).…”

“…After outlier detection and removal, a total of 26 articles were included, consisting of 13,761 observations and 9326 events. The proportions of BPI3V prevalence varied significantly across the articles, with individual article proportions ranging from as low as 0.05 in Pinto et al, 1993 [46] to as high as 0.95 in Hashemi et al, 2022 [43]. The pooled prevalence estimate was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.53 to 0.75) (Figure 4 and Table 1).…”

Comparative Analysis of the Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle Populations Based on Detection Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In addition to the detection method, BVDV prevalence was influenced by various risk factors such as the age of cattle, farm management, practices related to breeding and reproduction, and coinfection. The age of cattle was identified as a significant factor influencing seroprevalence of BVDV, being higher in adult cattle compared to calves [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. However, this could be influenced by the detection method used, since older cattle, having had more cumulative exposure to the virus, might show higher seroprevalence, especially when detected via antibody-based assays.…”

“…Again, this may reflect both the complex factors related to infection dynamics and the influence of detection methods. The role of geographical location [ 39 , 59 , 68 , 70 , 71 ] and season [ 29 ] on prevalence of BVDV requires consideration when interpreting results from different studies in a meta-analysis.…”