Dyes are widely used in industry, but their disposal after usage is a severe issue since a vast number of toxic dyes end up in the effluent. To solve this problem, in our paper, Zn100-xSmxO (x = 0, 2.5, 5, and 10) nanoparticles have been used as a cheap and easily fabricated photocatalyst for the degradation of industrial dyes of Methylene blue (MB),Rhodamine B (RhB), and their mix (MB/RhB). The properties of the samples have been characterized by using XRD, FTIR, and TEM. XRD confirms that Zn100-xSmxO nanoparticles have a single hexagonal phase and the grain size has increased by about 7 %. The TEM images show that the Zn100-xSmxO particle has a regular shape and with 50 nm size. The absorption and the energy gap of our fabricated material show doping ratio dependence, Eg decreased from 2.95 to 2.78 eV. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by Zn100-xSmxO (x = 0, 2.5, 5, and 10) nanoparticles for the three types of dyes, it was noted that doping Zn95Sm5O reached an efficiency of about 80%. Zn95Sm5O nanoparticles can absorb 68% RhB and 67% MB in the MB-RhB mixture solution. on the other hand, the pseudo-first-order reaction process of both dyes' degradation was obtained.
Variation of light absorption, mainly the shift and shape of the absorption edge, are two promising approaches aimed at understanding the fundamental processes of optical transitions in crystalline and amorphous materials. This allows us to better understand the structure of energy bands. Significant advances have been made in understanding the fundamental chemical and physical properties of polymers to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. However, the relationship between these two properties has not been determined. Characterization of the optical properties of polymers, such as infrared dichroism, light absorption, Raman polarization, and emission spectra, is an important method for studying electronic properties. To consider conductivity and thermal savings in the range (300–500 K), we also investigate the effect of temperature on conductivity. Activation energies found in different cases were used. Ionic conductivity has been found to be temperature-dependent for all SPE formulations. It has been found that the ionic conductivity of the membrane presents two regimes, the first being at relatively low temperatures. The ionic conductivity exhibits a relatively independent behavior of temperature. It was found that the dielectric constant of the SPE polymer electrolytic system increased with increasing temperature. This behavior is typical of pole insulators because the alignment of the dipoles becomes easier with increasing temperature and thus the dielectric constant increases.
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