Safe drinking water is crucial for the well-being of current and future generations. This study aims to evaluate the quality of potable water in Baghdad city. Furthermore, this study compares the quality of tap and bottled water. Baghdad city was divided into 4 districts based on the water source, and 40 water samples were collected from each district. Moreover, the most popular bottled water brands were sampled and compared with the tap water samples. The quality of the analyzed potable water samples varied based on the water source. The total dissolved solid (TDS) levels exceed the palatable (>600 ppm) water levels in some districts. In addition, the concentration of sulfate was relatively high in both tap and bottled water and ranged from 200 to 330 ppm. The bottled water quality was within the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization, but the TDS levels were relatively high. The hardness, Cl − , Pb 2+ , and bacteria contents in both tap and bottled water were within the standard limits. Finally, it is important to conduct radiological analyses in the future to investigate the effect of wars on Iraqi water resources.
Abstract-This paper was studied the biochemical parameter (BOD5) and (DO) for Diyala River (Iraq) which regard significant tributary for the Tigris River. Water samples have been collected from Diyala River along different points between Baquba to Al-Zafarania and were analyzed for various water quality parameters during low flow season (November). The study involves application of stream water quality model QUAL2K model to simulate and predict the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) profiles for Diyala River in a stretch of 251 kilometer. Model output showed that DO in the entire river was within limit of not less than 4 mg/L. For Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBOD, the entire river may be divided into three main reaches; first one is extended from Kalar City (0 km) to Jalawla (46 km) and have CBOD concentration of 2 mg/L , the second reach has CBOD range (2-4) mg/L in which begins from Sadiyah city and extend to near Buhriz city city(168km), the third reach extends from Khan Bani Saad city to Al-Zafaraniah (251km) in the south east of Baghdad city confluence point with Tigris River which has CBOD concentrations of more than 5mg/L.
The relative abilities of 2, dimensioned statistics -the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) -to describe average model-performance error are examined. The RMSE is of special interest because it is widely reported in the climatic and environmental literature; nevertheless, it is an inappropriate and misinterpreted measure of average error. RMSE is inappropriate because it is a function of 3 characteristics of a set of errors, rather than of one (the average error). RMSE varies with the variability within the distribution of error magnitudes and with the square root of the number of errors (n 1/2 ), as well as with the average-error magnitude (MAE). Our findings indicate that MAE is a more natural measure of average error, and (unlike RMSE) is unambiguous. Dimensioned evaluations and inter-comparisons of average model-performance error, therefore, should be based on MAE.KEY WORDS: Model-performance measures · Root-mean-square error · Mean absolute errorResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher
Traditional hydrological analysis used maps and ground survey as tools to obtain the basic parameters of the watershed. However, for large catchment area the above criteria are both costly and time consuming. In this research, a hydrological model modified natural resources conservation service curve number (NRCS-CN) and geographical information system GIS technique are used together to obtain the runoff depth for Sulak catchment area that located in the northern western part of Iraq. The basin divided into three sub-basins, runoff has been estimate for each sub-basin by three approaches. The research detect that the slope parameter affects runoff estimation significantly also its found that for each sub-watershed runoff varies drastically from sub-watershed to sub-watershed of Sulak basin. The analysis of variance test showed that there was significant difference between each curve number value for each sub-watershed, accordingly runoff calculated by Williams method gives valves above the average comparing with other methods. Total runoff estimated by three approaches for entire catchment area which shows that around 51% of total runoff is generated in months January and February, That because of heavy rainfall and high soil moisture content (antecedent moisture content AMC-III) during that period.
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