Assessment of Potable Water Quality in Baghdad City, Iraq

Al-Dulaimi, Ghassan Adham; Younes, Mohammad K.

doi:10.1177/1178622117733441

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…To determine irrigation dates and quantities, moisture was measured by the weight method of soil depths before each instance of irrigation to determine the date of irrigation for each treatment. Controlling the amount and quality of water used for this experiment was considered as a priority because of the serious-related droughts and pollutants close to the urban areas in this arid territory [63,64].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Wheat Straw as a Cover Crop on the Chlorophyll, Seed, and Oilseed Yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under Water Deficiency and Weed Competition

Lahmod

Alkooranee

Al-Shammary

et al. 2019

Plants

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The effects of water stress on fenugreek crops are well documented. However, little is known about how these plants respond to water deficits under a soil-mulching system when the surface is protected. Therefore, the current research aims to demonstrate the possibility of reducing the impact of water stress and weed competition on the fenugreek crop through the use of wheat residues as a cover crop on the soil surface. A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2016–2017) using a split-plot design arrangement with three replicates. The experiments included four levels of water deficit, which consisted of a 40% depletion treatment as a control plot, and 50%, 60%, and 70% depletion from the field capacity (DFC) for the other studied fields. The subplot division consisted of mulching the soil with wheat residues. The results demonstrated that soil-mulching systems and a water deficit are able to impact the fenugreek yield of seed and oil. Additionally, soil mulching led to a decrease in weed density and biomass, chlorophyll content, and biological yield. Although high water deficit (70% DFC) led to yield and growth reduction, the use of wheat residue as a cover crop moderated the effect of a strong water deficit on plants and showed clear reduction of weed growth. Therefore, the results suggest that soil mulching can mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit by conserving soil moisture and decreasing weeds, which can be considered an acclimation mechanism under water-deficit conditions to avoid yield loss. Moreover, the allelopathic effects of wheat residue were observed on fenugreek crops subjected to irrigation after depleting 40% soil water moisture, but these effects disappeared within 90 days of sowing. We conclude that these results can help future agricultural planning and systems in order to increase productivity, reduce irrigation costs, and conserve soil quality.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Wheat Straw as a Cover Crop on the Chlorophyll, Seed, and Oilseed Yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under Water Deficiency and Weed Competition

Lahmod

Alkooranee

Al-Shammary

et al. 2019

Plants

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“…These studies are important because the main source of drinking water and tap water comes from water purification plants that take water from the Tigris River. Therefore, the quality of the water of the Tigris River will effect on the quality of drinking water in the taps if the water isn't treated properly [11][12][13] [14]. Al-Janabi et al (2012) used the application of Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for the 3 stations located along with Tigris River in Baghdad city, Iraq.…”

Section: Quality Of Tigris Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This generated uncertainty about the quality of tap water after the war and is reflected in the rise in water treatment centers in the city of Baghdad [15]. The problem with that is that these stores are not subject to health supervision and are not approved by the Ministry of Health [11]. Despite this, the citizens' satisfaction survey showed the use of bottled water, according to the statistics of the competent authorities.…”

Section: Tap Water and Bottle Water In Baghdad Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and microbiological properties of drinking water in the city of Baghdad

Ghafil¹,

Zghair²,

Zgair³

2022

djm

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Background: The quality of drinking water is directly related to community health. Therefore, improving the quality of drinking reflects positively on the health situation in general. The studies that deal with the quality of drinking water in the city of Baghdad in terms of chemical or microbial content are very scanty. Objective: The current review highlights the most important studies and research articles that concern the quality of drinking water, both bottled water and tap water, in terms of chemical and biological contamination and chemophysical specifications for drinking water. Abstract: Studies have shown that drinking water in the city of Baghdad, especially tap water, contains certain levels of heavy metals, and some bacterial species have also been diagnosed in drinking water transmitted through taps. But the levels of most of them are within the international standards. Although there are some indications of chemical and biological contamination. Conclusion: Although the standard specifications for drinking water in the city of Baghdad are acceptable, the pollution indicators in both tap water and bottled water should be monitored seasonally.

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“…Fresh water is a valuable resource necessary for sustaining life and health and ensuring the preservation of ecosystems, and the pattern of human settlement is often determined throughout history by its availability, where good quality drinking water can be consumed in any desirable amount without adverse health effects (Al-Dulami and Younes, 2017). Civilization has succeeded in polluting our water supply to the point where we have to purify water for drinking, the United Nations estimates that 2.7 billion people will face water shortages by 2025, although the earth is largely made up of water, fresh water accounts for only about 3% of the total water available to us, that means we can easily reach only 0.006%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the physio chemical properties and hydro chemical formula of water in some wells south of Baghdad in 2020

Madhi¹,

Salman²,

Al-Khafaji³

2022

EEC

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The study was conducted during the summer season of 2020 to see the quality of eighteen wells with different depths ranging from 6-25 m within three areas south of Baghdad, namely Al-Saouira, Al-Mada'in and Jisr Diyala distributed in different locations, agricultural orchards and residential villages and these wells depend mainly on groundwater and designed for various uses. Water samples were taken from wells directly by clean, sterile bottles and bimonthly sample spots, heat, acidity, turbidity, total dissolved salts and electrical conductivity were carried out in the field using field measuring devices. Color, taste and smell were examined based on the senses, while positive ions (Ca +2 , Mg +2 , Na + , K + ) and negative (Cl -, HCO 3 , CO 3 -2 , SO 4 -2 , NO 3 -) were measured. Total hardness was measured in the indication of magnesium and calcium ion concentrations, in the laboratory of the Department of Geology/ General Commission for Groundwater/ Ministry of Water Resources, and hydrochemical formulae were identified by knowing the concentrations of ions to find out the origin of well water. Temperatures and acidity rates were 24, 7.3 respectively, which are natural proportions of groundwater characterized by moderate and stable temperature throughout the year, tending to be the light basicity of the presence of bicarbonate, which consists of melting limestone rocks and sometimes organic pollutants. As for the color, all the wells are colorless except for the wells 7 and 9 because of their proximity to the Tigris River and the filtering of part of the clay soils surrounding them, and the wells were odorless except the wells dug in orchards for grazing animals and the use of fertilizers and animal waste in agriculture as in wells 1, 2, 3 and 4 or close to the Diyala River contaminated with sewage coming from Al-Rustamiyah as in well 11. All wells have a salty taste except the wells; 7, 8, 10,17, 18 wells, as they are close to the Tigris River. The majority of wells were characterized by the high total dissolved salts and this is normal for the rise of ion concentrations in them, which in turn led to a rise in electrical conductivity. Total hardness showed that all wells were having hard water except wells; 7, 10, 17, 18 which were within the standard specifications quality set by the World Health Organization, but for positive and negative ions, they were high in most wells except wells 7, 17, 18 were within the quality for all ions and no height of nitrate ion was recorded in all the wells. While well 3 was characterized by high potassium and sulfates only and well 8 showed a rise in sulfates while the well 10 recorded increased concentration of sodium and sulfates. The vast majority of the NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 well water type had seven wells per hydrochemical formula, three MgSO 4 wells and one CaCl 2 well.

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Assessment of Potable Water Quality in Baghdad City, Iraq

Cited by 29 publications

References 17 publications

Effect of Wheat Straw as a Cover Crop on the Chlorophyll, Seed, and Oilseed Yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under Water Deficiency and Weed Competition

Effect of Wheat Straw as a Cover Crop on the Chlorophyll, Seed, and Oilseed Yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under Water Deficiency and Weed Competition

Chemical and microbiological properties of drinking water in the city of Baghdad

Assessment of the physio chemical properties and hydro chemical formula of water in some wells south of Baghdad in 2020

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