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Aflatoxins are commonly found in cereals worldwide and bring significant threats to the food industry and animal food production. Among a collection of aflatoxin-degradative endophytic bacteria isolated from grains of corn plant, the strain TUBF1 was selected based on its high-ability to utilize aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (10 µg/mL) as the sole carbon source. The morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic studies indicated that strain TUBF1 belonged to the Bacillus sp. group. HPLC was used to determine the reduction in AFB1 concentrations. Bacillus sp. TUBF1 had the strongest ability to detoxify toxin, where the degradation percentages of AFB1 was 81.5% and 100% after 48 and 72 h, respectively. The degradation of AFB1 was mainly in the culture supernatant of TUBF1 rather than its cells. About 90% of AFB1 was degraded within the first 12 h and reduced to the undetectable level after 24 h. The supernatant was characterized by considerable activity at wide range of temperatures (10-40 • C) with optimal activity at 32 • C and pH 6.5-7.5. Biosafety assessment test indicated that the crude enzymes had the high ability to detoxify AFB1. In conclusion, this is the first report on AFB1 detoxification using an endophytic Bacillus isolated from grains.

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Acrylamide (CH 2 = CHCONH 2) is an organic compound that is soluble in water and formed in food when exposed to high temperatures. Studies have shown that acrylamide is one of the causes of cancer, as well as affecting the brain and the natural balance of hormones in humans (Batoryna, Lis, & Formicki, 2017). Various studies have reported several harmful effects in experimental rats due to acrylamide administration, such as neuropathy, low tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, behavioral disorders, and toxic symptoms of the nervous system, such as tremors, convulsions paralysis, and multiple changes in levels of the neurotransmitter in different brain regions

Selenium nanoparticles have received wide attention due to their importance in nutrition compared to other forms of selenium used in food fortification. In the present study, chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (Ch-SeNPs) were prepared, characterized and evaluated for their hepatoprotective effect against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. According to TEM and Zetasizer analysis, the size of Ch-SeNPs produced in the present study were ranged from 18 to 55 nm with average of 22 nm. Acrylamide treatment led to elevation of the studied biochemical parameters of liver including total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Intake of Ch-SeNPs either 15 days prior to or simultaneously with the treatment with acrylamide led to enhance the biochemical parameters to be near the normal range. Same trend was obtained when rats were fed on sodium selenite, but Ch-SeNPs were more closely related to control group (untreated). The histopathological structure examination of rat liver emphasized the obtained biochemical results.The obtained results confirmed that, the intake of Ch-SeNPs 15 days before treatment by acrylamide had significant (< 0.05) protective effect against liver injury compared to the intake of these nanoparticles along with acrylamide.

Alternaria species produce several mycotoxins that are of particular health concern. The natural occurrence of three Alternaria toxins; alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TA) in pomegranate fruit was considered. A. alternata and A. tenuissima were identifi ed by analysis of partial sequence of ITS-region. All studied strains produced high quantities of AOH in vitro on rice. A. tenuissima produces high quantities of AME and TA compared with A. alternata. In rotten tissues AME was the highest determined toxin with frequency percentage of 95.6%, followed by AOH and TA. All toxins were detected in the healthy tissues surrounding the infected tissues but at low levels. No visible changes were noted in Alternaria toxins after pasteurization of pomegranate juice, but they appeared after clarifi cation. In conclusion, pasteurization and/or clarifi cation are not suffi cient to reduce Alternaria toxins in juice. The removal of the rotten parts does not ensure excluding Alternaria toxins.

Summary The present work aimed to determine the bioactive compounds in two rosemary water extracts (RWE1 and RWE2) and to assess their antimicrobial, anti‐adhesive and antibiofilm potentials against the food‐related Bacillus and Pseudomonas species at concentrations; 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg mL−1. Phenolic compounds and isoflavones in the RWEs were determined using HPLC. The concentrations of most bioactive compounds of RWE1 (benzoic, ellagic, gallic and rosmarinic acids, daidzein and genistein) were higher than that of RWE2. The MIC90 of RWE1 and RWE2 against all tested bacteria was 12 and 16 mg mL−1, respectively. The anti‐adhesive and antibiofilm doses were higher than MIC90. RWE1 and RWE2 showed potential reduction in the bacterial cell adhesion to HEp‐2 cells – 17.5–64.7 and 12.2–52.9%, respectively. In conclusion, this study emphasises the effective use of RWE as a natural anti‐adhesive and antibiofilm agent against Bacillus and Pseudomonas, without difficult extraction procedure.