Sexual selection may favour the evolution of elaborated genital traits in males, particularly when phenotypic variation in such traits results in corresponding variation in reproductive success among males in the population. Compared with insects, very little is known about the natural variation in any male genital trait, and its causes, in vertebrates. Here we report on variation in a male intromittent organ both within and between natural populations of a vertebrate, the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Male guppies inseminate females using an intromittent organ called the gonopodium. We demonstrate that males from populations that have evolved under high fish-predation intensity have, on average, a relatively longer gonopodium than males originating from populations under low fish-predation intensity. Compared with body coloration, the gonopodium exhibited relatively low phenotypic variation, but nonetheless was within the range of known variation for sexually selected traits. The male gonopodium was positively allometric in general. To our knowledge, this is the first report of within-species variation in an intromittent organ and of a positive allometric relationship between male genitalia and body size in a vertebrate species. Our results suggest that the length of the male intromittent organ in the guppy is under selection, which varies geographically.
sFLT-1 may contribute to pathogenesis of albuminuria in SCD patients and constitute a novel renal biomarker of SN.
Sexual selection may favour the evolution of elaborated genital traits in males, particularly when phenotypic variation in such traits results in corresponding variation in reproductive success among males in the population. Compared with insects, very little is known about the natural variation in any male genital trait, and its causes, in vertebrates. Here we report on variation in a male intromittent organ both within and between natural populations of a vertebrate, the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Male guppies inseminate females using an intromittent organ called the gonopodium. We demonstrate that males from populations that have evolved under high fish-predation intensity have, on average, a relatively longer gonopodium than males originating from populations under low fish-predation intensity. Compared with body coloration, the gonopodium exhibited relatively low phenotypic variation, but nonetheless was within the range of known variation for sexually selected traits. The male gonopodium was positively allometric in general. To our knowledge, this is the first report of within-species variation in an intromittent organ and of a positive allometric relationship between male genitalia and body size in a vertebrate species. Our results suggest that the length of the male intromittent organ in the guppy is under selection, which varies geographically. Résumé : La sélection sexuelle peut favoriser l'apparition de caractères génitaux élaborés chez les mâles, particulièrement lorsque la variation phénotypique de tels caractères résulte en une variation correspondante du succès de la reproduction chez les mâles de la population. Comparativement à ce que nous savons des insectes, nous connaissons peu de choses de la variation naturelle des caractères génitaux mâles, ni sur leurs causes, chez les vertébrés. On trouvera ici les résultats d'une étude sur la variation au sein d'une population et d'une population à l'autre de l'organe d'intromission du mâle chez le guppy de Trinidad (Poecilia reticulata). Les guppys mâles fécondent les femelles au moyen d'un organe d'intromission, le gonopodium. Nous démontrons que les mâles de la population qui ont évolué avec une forte pression de prédation par les poissons ont généralement un gonopodium relativement plus long que les mâles de populations qui ont moins fait l'objet de prédation. Comparativement à la coloration du corps, le gonopodium a subi une variation phénotypique relativement faible, mais en-deçà des limites de la variation qui affecte ordinairement les caractères apparus par sélection sexuelle. Le gonopodium des mâles a une allométrie positive dans l'ensemble. Nous croyons que cet article est le premier compte-rendu de la variation intraspécifique d'un organe d'intromission et de la relation allométrique positive entre les genitalia mâles et la taille du corps chez un vertébré. Nos résultats indiquent que la longueur de l'organe d'intromission du mâle chez le guppy est soumise à la sélection, laquelle varie géographiquement.
Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a common complaint of diabetes, leading to pain and reduced motor nerve conduction velocity. Clinical symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are present in approximately 25% of diabetic individuals, while nearly all diabetics have a reduction of nerve conduction velocity. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) versus pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on pain intensity and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: Thirty patientswith type II diabetes suffering from diabetic peripheral neuropathy, participated in this study for 4 weeks (3 sessions/week), and were chosen randomly from the diabetes and endocrine institution.Patients were randomized equally into two groups: Group A (LLLT group): received LLLT for lower extremities for 12 sessions at a frequency of 3 sessions/week. Group B (PEMF): received pulsed electromagnetic field for 12 sessions at a frequency of 3 sessions/week. Results: At the end of the study; there was non-significant difference between two groups post-study in pain level where P-values was (0.606). There were no significant differences between two groups in amplitude, distal latency and MNCV of RT side post-study, where P-values were (0.082), (0.911) and (0.342) respectively. There were no significant differences between two groups in amplitude, distal latency and MNCV of LT side post-study, where P-values were (0.265), (0.550) and (0.334) respectively. Conclusions: The study findings indicate that both LLLT andPEMF could be effective therapeutic modalities in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy in that they are able to modify pain, and some electrophysiological parameters of peripheral nerve function.
Background: Muscle strength and proprioception deficits have been recognized in knee OA. Indirect evidence suggests that muscle strength and proprioception deficits may be interrelated. However, these relationships have never been clearly evaluated. Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate relationships between Proprioception deficits and onset of muscle activities during sit to stand in patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Material and methods: 40 subjects from both genders of convenient sample were assigned into two equal groups; Group (A) consisted of 20 healthy control subjects, (8 males and 12 females) with mean age (47.4±2.28) and Group (B) consisted of 20 patients with UKOA (9 males and 11 females) with mean age (46.4±1.63). Proprioception measurement was recorded by taken three trials of active repositioning of knee joint. Onset of muscle activities of EMG signal recorded from vastus medialias and vastus lateralis muscles was measured by EMG during sit to stand. Results: Indicated that, there were significant differences between two groups in the onset of muscles activities of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles, and proprioception where P-values were (0.03), (0.003) and (0.00) respectively. Also, there was significant positive correlation between proprioception and onset of muscles activities of vastus medialis where r2 value equals (0.592) and there was weak correlation between proprioception and onset of muscles activities of the vastus lateralis muscle where r2 value equals (0.381). Conclusion: Evidence was suggested that in the absence of adequate proprioceptive input, onset of muscle activities of quadriceps was greatly affected and the patient's level of activities is also affected to a greater degree especially during sit to stand activities.
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