BackgroundDiarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under-five children in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, up-to-date data on etiologic agent and susceptibility pattern are important for the management of bacterial diarrhea in under-five children, which was the main objective of this study.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted at Hawassa Adare Hospital and Millennium Health Center from June 6 to October 28, 2011. A total of 158 under-five children with diarrhea were selected using convenient sampling technique. Demographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaire. Fecal samples were collected and processed for bacterial isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing following standard bacteriological techniques.ResultA total of 158 fecal samples were collected from 81(51.3%) males and 77(48.7%) females of under-five children with diarrhea. Of the 158 fecal samples, 35(22.2%) bacterial pathogens were isolated. The isolated bacteria were Campylobacter species, 20 (12.7%), Shigella species, 11 (7.0%), and Salmonella species, 4 (2.5%). The majority of the isolates were sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and Cotrimoxazol and high rate of drug resistance was observed against Erythromycin and Amoxicillin.ConclusionsThe finding of this study indicates that Campylobacter species were the predominant etiologies and the presence of bacterial isolates resistant to the commonly prescribed drugs for treating diarrhea in children. Therefore, periodic monitoring of etiologic agent with their drug resistant pattern is essential in the management of diarrhea in children.

BackgroundDiarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age in developing countries, including Ethiopia. It is caused by a wide range of pathogens, including parasites, bacteria and viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection with intestinal parasites (IPs) (and types) among children under 5 years of age with diarrhoeal diseases.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Adare Hospital and Millennium Health Centre, both located in Hawassa, South Ethiopia, from June 6 to October 28, 2011. Children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea who visited these health facilities during the study period were included in the study. Data relating to demography and risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Single, fresh stool specimens were examined for IPs using the direct wet mount examination, followed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining of formol-ether concentrated samples, as per standard procedures. Data were analysed using SPSS Statistics 20 software.ResultsA total of 158 children (51.3 % male and 48.7 % female) participated in the study. Overall, the prevalence of IPs was 26.6 % (42/158). Two species of IPs were detected in six children (3.8 %). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii was the predominant parasite identified (11.4 %), followed by Giardia duodenalis (7.0 %). The multivariable analysis revealed that the age group ≥24 months was significantly associated (AOR = 0.221, 95 %CI: 0.085–0.576) with prevalence of IPIs.ConclusionThis study found that intestinal parasites are common among children with diarrheal diseases. The most frequently detected species was E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii. Health information about how to prevent diarrheal diseases in general and IPIs in particular should be provided to parents of young children.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0081-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Shigella species are a major cause of dysentery and may attribute for death worldwide. Currently antibiotic resistance became the critical challenges for management of infectious disease. The aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of Shigella species and its drug resistance pattern in Ethiopia. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted through internet searches using database of MEDLINE, PubMed, Google scholar, EMBASE, HINARI, Cochrane Library and reference lists of previous prevalence studies from January 1999 to November 2018. Results were presented in forest plot, tables and figures with 95% CI. The Cochrane Q test and I 2 test statistic were used to test heterogeneity across studies. The Pooled estimate of Shigella species and its drug resistance pattern was computed by a random effects model. Results The pooled prevalence of Shigella species in Ethiopia was 6.6% (95% CI 4.7–8.8). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was observed among patients in Health facility (8.5%, 95% CI 6.2–11.5) whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in Community based studies (1.6%, 95% CI 0.8–3.4). In addition, Shigella species were highly resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin and multi-drug resistant (MDR) with the pooled resistance proportions of 83.1% (95% CI 75.7–88.6), 84.1% (95% CI 75.6–90.1), 86.5% (95% CI 70.9–94.4) and 83.2% (95% CI 77.1–87.9), respectively. On the other hand, comparably low resistance pattern was reported for ciprofloxacin 8.9% (95% CI 6.0–12.8), ceftriaxone 9.3% (95% CI 3.9–20.5), and norfloxacin 8.2% (95% CI 3.8–16.6) and gentamycin 17.3% (95% CI 11.2–25.9). Subgroup analyses indicated that study years were associated with a decreasing Shigella prevalence over time (p = 0.002). Conclusion The pooled estimate showed high burden of Shigella infection and its high proportion of drug resistance pattern to ampicillin, amoxicillin and erythromycin in Ethiopia. Therefore, initiating and scale up of performing drug susceptibility test for each shigellosis case, educate the community and health care providers on appropriate use of antibiotics need to be considered and strengthened. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12941-019-0321-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Background: Globally, about 10-30% of the pregnant women were colonized with Group B Streptococcus in the genitourinary tract and 60% of their neonates were acquiring the infection during labor and delivery process. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 329 pregnant women at 35th-37th gestational weeks from June 06-2022 to July 22-2022 at selected health institutions, in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained by using a structured questionnaire. Group B Streptococcus was isolated from vagino-rectal swabs by using standard method recommended by Center of Disease Control and Prevention and an antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 25.0. Bivariate logistic regression was carried out and variables with p < 0.25 were selected for multivariate logistic regressions, p < 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of Group B Streptococcus colonization among pregnant women at 35th-37th gestational weeks was 48/326 (14.7%; 95%CI: 10.8-18.5). The isolates that were developed resistance to Penicillin (2.1%), Ampicillin (4.2%), Erythromycin (8.3%), and Clindamycin (12.5%). Vancomycin showed (100%) sensitivity. Maternal GBS colonization were significantly associated with rural dwellers (AOR = 2.29 (95%CI = 1.17-5.32), p = 0.032) and who had one time ANC visit (AOR = 2.49 (95% CI = 1.07-4.93), p = 0.018). Conclusion: There was a high frequency of GBS colonization, relatively low resistance to commonly used antibiotics, and significant association of maternal GBS colonization with rural dwellers and one time antenatal visit which suggests the screening of GBS colonization in pregnant women at 35th-37th weeks of gestation, testing their antimicrobial susceptibilities and encouraging antenatal fellow especially in rural dwellers in order to reduce maternal GBS colonization, provide antibiotic prophylaxis and minimize newborn infection and co-morbidity.

Volume 5 -Issue 3 transmission after injury through a needle .contaminated with HIV infected blood and after mucous membrane, exposure was 0.3% and 0.1% respectively [1].Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is components of post exposure management when accidental transmission of HIV occurs on health professionals. After occupational exposure to HIV, the patient from whom the potentially infectious materials (index patient) as well as the exposed person should undergo serological screening. When the serological status of the source patient not known or consent was not possible, prophylaxis should be considered if there are indications of possible infection [5]. Post exposure prophylaxis involves taking anti-HIV medications as soon as possible after the patient have been exposed to HIV to try to reduce the chance of becoming HIV positive [6].Health Care Workers (HCWs) practicing in poor countries like Ethiopia are more exposed to HIV following occupational exposure

Objectivesthe aim of this study was to assess hand washing practice before covid-19 pandemic and associated factors among primary school children, Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia MethodAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at primary schools children in Hawassa city, Sidama Ethiopia from February to October 2019. A total of 739 students were selected using multistage sampling techniques. Information about socio demography and associated factors was collected by structured questionnaire.ResultIn this study, about 399 (54%) of the students wash their hands at critical times. Availability of hand washing material, availability soap/ash, availability water and pear influence (AOR =1.75, 95% CI=1.22, 2.23), (AOR = 3.23, 95% CI =2.02, 5.15), (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI=1.07, 2.89),(AOR=0.32 95% CI=0.101,0.98) had higher odds of washing practice respectively.ConclusionThe magnitude of hand washing practice was low in this study before covid -19 pandemic. In this regard, Poor access to hand washing facilities need to strengthen as intervention efforts. Further, health education promotion for hand washing practice could be done in school by Hawassa city administration Education office and better facilities need to avail by the stakeholders.