Time pressure is a challenge for professional translators and deserves systematic consideration in translator training. Until now, time pressure has played only a marginal role in translation studies: To my knowledge, there are only three (series of) studies, of limited scope, conducted by Hönig/Hansen, Jensen and de Rooze. Their experimental designs are analysed in this paper and compared to the author’s own methodological findings. It was found that, in order to obtain valid research results, research results from several disciplines, especially from time-pressure research and endocrinology, must be consistently applied. The main challenges of time-pressure studies are (1) adequately measuring timepressure and (2) creating a situation with no more than one variable parameter. This paper reflects on how the time-pressure variable can be operationalised in order to establish experimental situations where acute and moderate time-pressure is experienced by the subjects. The question of which parameters must remain constant in a valid experimental design is also discussed. The paper concludes by arguing that, at present, no time-pressure study can attempt to obtain more than tentative correlations between time pressure and translation performance. Neuroscientific methods may, however, provide us with a more suitable methodological framework for assessing perceived time pressure in the near future.
Thanks to Paul Kußmaul, the investigation of translational creativity has made considerable progress. The measurement of creativity, however, has remained a great challenge. The following article presents the results of the measurement of one aspect considered central to the notion of translational creativity, namely the measurement of the ability to depart from the source text (ST) structure by applying creative shifts, i.e., abstracting, modifying or concretising source text ideas in the target text (TT). Sixteen units of analysis from 4 experimental texts translated by 11 students of translation and 5 professional translators each were analysed with the aim of finding out how many of them constituted creative shifts as opposed to mere reproductions of the source text. The results of this sample analysis reveal that there are clear differences between student and professional behaviour and that a certain trend for the development of creative competence can be established. Moreover, these results do not only point to a methodologically interesting approach for analysing complex cognitive constructs, but they also provide a valuable starting point for pedagogic research and application.Grâce à l’oeuvre de Paul Kußmaul, la recherche sur la créativité en traduction a fait de grands progrès. Mesurer la créativité en traduction demeure cependant un défi à relever. Le présent article fait état des résultats d’une étude portant sur l’analyse d’un aspect de la créativité considéré comme essentiel. Cet aspect, nommé déplacement créateur, permet de mesurer la capacité du traducteur à s’éloigner de la structure du texte de départ. Un déplacement créatif peut apparaître sous diverses formes, telles qu’une abstraction ou une modification, ou encore une concrétisation dans le texte cible par rapport au texte de départ. Nous présentons une analyse de 16 unités textuelles provenant de 4 textes expérimentaux, qui ont été traduites, chacune, par 11 étudiants en traduction et 5 traducteurs professionnels. Le but de l’analyse est de mesurer la flexibilité du traducteur, entendue comme étant la capacité à s’éloigner de la structure linguistique du texte de départ, au lieu de réaliser de simples reproductions littérales. Les résultats révèlent de nettes différences entre les étudiants et les traducteurs professionnels et permettent d’établir des tendances en rapport avec le développement de la compétence créative en traduction. En outre, non seulement ils ouvrent une piste nouvelle pour l’analyse de phénomènes cognitifs complexes, mais ils représentent également un point de départ prometteur pour la recherche et l’application pédagogiques
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