El derecho a la salud y su forma operativa desde la perspectiva de la respuesta social organizada en salud –esto es el derecho a la protección de la salud– son el sustento principal para el impulso global de la cobertura universal en salud. De forma práctica, esta cobertura universal implica la conexión entre la demanda y la oferta de servicios (promoción, prevención y atención). La posibilidad que tiene cada individuo de hacer uso de los servicios cuando lo requiere es la expresión de la cobertura universal; es entonces cuando se habla de acceso efectivo. El objetivo de este documento es explorar la conceptualización del acceso efectivo a servicios de salud y proponer una definición que permita la operacionalización del mismo. Esta definición considera elementos centrales de la oferta y la demanda de servicios, incluye la disponibilidad de recursos y la prestación adecuada (calidad), así como las barreras para la utilización.

B-2b.

No abstract

Background. During the 2009 spring epidemic outbreak in Mexico, an important research and policy question faced was related to the differences in clinical profile and population characteristics of those affected by the new H1N1 virus compared with the seasonal virus. Methods and Findings. Data from clinical files from all influenza A deaths in Mexico between April 10 and July 13, 2009 were analyzed to describe differences in clinical and socioeconomic profile between H1N1 and non-H1N1 cases. A total of 324 influenza A mortality cases were studied of which 239 presented rt-PCR confirmation for H1N1 virus and 85 for seasonal influenza A. From the differences of means and multivariate logistic regression, it was found that H1N1 deaths occurred in younger and less educated people, and among those who engage in activities where there is increased contact with other unknown persons (OR 4.52, 95% CI 1.56–13.14). Clinical symptoms were similar except for dyspnea, headache, and chest pain that were less frequently found among H1N1 cases. Conclusions. Findings suggest that age, education, and occupation are factors that may be useful to identify risk for H1N1 among influenza cases, and also that patients with early dyspnea, headache, and chest pain are more likely to be non-H1N1 cases.

No abstract

The clinical course of 49 patients with the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied in the Department of Otolaryngology of the Hospital General de Mexico between December 1986 and March 1997. The most frequent clinical symptoms in these patients were: nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, fever, weight loss, cervical lymph adenopathy, rhinopharyngeal tumor, ulceration on the palate and periorbital cellulitis. In 73% of the patients in this series the primary presentation was nasal. Sixty-six percent of the patients were classified as intermediate grade lymphoma according to the New Working Formulation, and 33% were in a I B state according to the Ann Arbor predominant immunotype was B cell in 63% of the cases. An extensive review of the literature is also presented.

Objective. To analyze the role of temperature, humidity, date of first case diagnosed (DFC) and the behavior of the growth-curve of cumulative frequency (CF) [number of days to rise (DCS) and reach the first 100 cases (D100), and the difference between them (ΔDD)] with the doubling time (Td) of Covid-19 cases in 67 countries grouped by climate zone. Design. Retrospective incident case study. Setting. WHO based register of cumulative incidence of Covid-19 cases. Participants. 1,706,914 subjects diagnosed between 12-29-2019 and 4-15-2020. Exposures. SARS-Cov-2 virus, ambient humidity, temperature and climate areas (temperate, All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. : medRxiv preprint tropical/subtropical). Main outcome measures. Comparison of DCS, D100, ΔDD, DFC, humidity, temperature, Td for the first (Td10) and second (Td20) ten days of the CF growth-curve between countries according to climate zone, and identification of factors involved in Td, as well as predictors of CF using lineal regression models. Results. Td10 and Td20 were ≥3 days longer in tropical/subtropical vs. temperate areas (2.8±1.2 vs. 5.7±3.4; p=1.41E-05 and 4.6±1.8 vs. 8.6±4.2; p=9.7E-05, respectively). The factors involved in Td10 (DFC and ΔDD) were different than those in Td20 (Td10 and climate areas). After D100, the fastest growth-curves during the first 10 days, were associated with Td10<2 and Td10<3 in temperate and tropical/subtropical countries, respectively. The fold change Td20/Td10 >2 was associated with earlier flattening of the growth-curve. In multivariate models, Td10, DFC and ambient temperature were negatively related with CF and explained 44.7% (r 2 = 0.447) of CF variability at day 20 of the growth-curve, while Td20 and DFC were negatively related with CF and explained 63.8% (r 2 = 0.638) of CF variability towards day 30 of the growth-curve. Conclusions. The larger Td in tropical/subtropical countries is positively related to DFC and temperature. Td and environmental factors explain 64% of CF variability in the best of cases. Therefore, other factors, such as pandemic containment measures, would explain the remaining variability.

It is necessary to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment and identify cost-effective measures to reduce medical malpractice and the severity of physical damage in patients.