The Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM) has projected a major revision of the International System of Units (SI) in which all of the base units will be defined by fixing the values of fundamental constants of nature. In preparation for this we have carried out a new, low-uncertainty determination of the Boltzmann constant, k B , in terms of which the SI unit of temperature, the kelvin, can be re-defined. We have evaluated k B from exceptionally accurate measurements of the speed of sound in argon gas which can be related directly to the mean molecular kinetic energy, 3 2 k B T . Our new estimate is k B = 1.380 651 56 (98) × 10 −23 J K −1 with a relative standard uncertainty u R = 0.71 × 10 −6 .

The most widely used method for the preparation of primary standard gas mixtures involves weighing the individual components into a cylinder. We present a new mathematical description of the method and its uncertainties. We use this to demonstrate how strategies for serial dilution can be identified that minimize the uncertainty in the final mixture and show how they can be implemented practically. We review published reports of high accuracy gravimetry and give examples of relative uncertainties in the composition of standards approaching 1 part-per-million in the best cases and in the range of 100 to 1000 parts-per-million more typically.

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We used NDIR for this measurement (Siemens, Ultramat 6E). Configuration of analysis system: gas cylinder-> regulator-> MFC-> NDIR-> response comparison-> results Sample cell flow: 800 mL/min, Reference cell flow: 800 mL/min Cell pressure: 1.94 Kg/cm 3 Calibration Standards: The calibration standards for CCQM-K52 were prepared by gravimetric method including 0.93 %mol/mol of Ar in KRISS. Therefore, the matrix is different from that of coordinating Lab., which does not contain Ar. All source gases were analyzed impurities for purity analysis. The primary standards with 0.014% overall uncertainty (k=2) are used.

There is a high international priority attached to activities which reduce NOx in the atmosphere. The current level of permitted emissions is typically between 50 µmol/mol and 100 µmol/mol, but lower values are expected in the future. Currently, ambient air quality monitoring regulations also require the measurement of NOx mole fractions as low as 0.2 µmol/mol. The production of accurate standards at these levels of mole fractions requires either dilution of a stable higher concentration gas standard or production by a dynamic technique, for example one based on permeation tubes.The CCQM-K74 key comparison was designed to evaluate the level of comparability of National Metrology Institutes' measurement capabilities and standards for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a nominal mole fraction of 10 µmol/mol.The measurements of this key comparison took place from June 2009 to May 2010.Seventeen laboratories took part in this comparison coordinated by the BIPM and VSL. The key comparison reference value was based on BIPM measurement results, and the standard measurement uncertainty of the reference value was 0.042 µmol/mol.This key comparison demonstrated that the results of the majority of the participants agreed within limits of ±3% relative to the reference value. The results of only one laboratory lay significantly outside these limits. Likewise this comparison made clear that a full interpretation of the results of the comparison needed to take into account the presence of nitric acid (in the range 100 nmol/mol to 350 nmol/mol) in the cylinders circulated as part of the comparison, as well as the possible presence of nitric acid in the primary standards used by participating laboratories.Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).