A steadily growing number of factories, plants, mines and ports around the world are exploring the potential of 5G technology and considering how best to deploy it. This is to be expected, since 5G has been designed with vertical use cases in mind, and industrial automation systems are one of the most promising segments.
This paper reviews the applicability of simplified bandwidth requirement estimators that need only the mean and the peak rates of traffic flows as input, instead of the full statistical description of the traffic required by their original form. The estimators approximate the effective bandwidth function, the key component of the bandwidth requirement estimate, with the logarithmic moment generating function of an on-off source. It is demonstrated that this on-off type approximation has to be used with care as it results in a loss of information about the traffic streams. This is manifested in the reduction of the advanced bandwidth estimator method of the many sources asymptotics into the basic Chernoff-type technique. As a consequence bandwidth requirement estimators built on the onoff type approximation overlook the multiplexing gain occurring in the buffers, which results in overly conservative estimates close or equal to the peak rate when applied to traffic aggregates.
In this paper, we study the energy consumption of Narrowband IoT devices. The paper suggests that key to saving energy for NB-IoT devices is the usage of full Discontinuous Reception (DRX), including the use of connectedmode DRX (cDRX): In some cases, cDRX reduced the energy consumption over a 10-year period with as much as 50%. However, the paper also suggests that tunable parameters, such as the inactivity timer, do have a significant impact. On the basis of our findings, guidelines are provided on how to tune the NB-IoT device so that it meets the target of the 3GPP, i.e., a 5-Wh battery should last for at least 10 years. It is further evident from our results that the energy consumption is largely dependent on the intensity and burstiness of the traffic, and thus could be significantly reduced if data is sent in bursts with less intensity, irrespective of cDRX support.
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