Although parental leave has long formed part of traditional labor relations, it was not until the nineteen seventies that it began to be regarded in some Scandinavian countries as a way ofi balancing work and family life as well as of enhancing gender equality (Duvander,

Spain’s total fertility rate has more than halved since 1975, when it was 2.8, to the present 1.3 (the lowest rate on record, 1.2, was reached in 1995). At the same time, the mean age at first childbirth has grown continually, seriously hindering any sustained recovery of fertility. Cohort fertility, in turn, has declined uninterruptedly since the 1941 cohort, and according to all estimates, this will drop to 1.6 for women born in the 1960s. A downturn in nuptiality, which has not been offset by a rise in consensual unions, along with the prevalence of contraceptives and abortion, have contributed substantially to falling fertility. Underlying this decrease is the profound cultural, social, and economic change that has raised the perceived costs of leaving the parental home and having children. The lack of any explicit family policy or transfers to compensate for such costs has reinforced that perception

In Spain as in other countries

Spain underwent the transition from the male breadwinner to the dual-earner family model somewhat later than other developed countries. Change was most intense in the period of strong economic and employment growth between 1995 and 2007, with a reversal observed as unemployment rose from early 2008. The percentage of 25-to 49-year-old women in paid employment climbed from 39 % in 1995 to 66 % in 2007, receding to 61 % in 2012. As a result of the employment crisis, while male single-earner families with children under 6 are estimated to have dropped by 22 %, female single-earner families leapt by 181 % and families with no earners by 162 %. At the same time, the number of dual-earner families dipped by 4 % (MorenoMínguez 2015 ). In the wake of the economic crisis, employment has become a scarce and highly valued resource, shaping couples' strategies for reconciling family life and careers when faced with the need to protect their sources of income.While policies to further equality between the sexes have long been in place (the fi rst equality plan was introduced in 1989) and have explicitly pursued the harmonisation of work and family life, that challenge has yet to be systematically and comprehensively addressed. Debates around the question have been public and sensitisation programmes have been formulated, often under the umbrella of European initiatives, although only partial measures have been adopted (Meil 2006b ;Wall and Escobedo 2009 )

Esta es la versión de autor del artículo publicado en: This is an author produced version of a paper published in: This article analyzes the effects of the number of siblings, their sex composition, and other individualization indicators intertwined with the development of a beanpole-type kin structure on exchanges among generations in Spain. The effects of this development vary depending on the point of view adopted: that of the parents or that of the adult children. Although this development increases the likelihood of not having daughters who continue to act as kin keepers, there are no clear signs of a weakening of intergenerational ties deriving from the development of a beanpole-type kin structure. The biggest threat for the density of intergenerational relationships derives not so much from this development but from the geographical dispersion of generations caused by the lack of professional and employment opportunities for the younger generations.

Como se ha argumentado en «La familia española en el contexto de la Unión Europea», publicado en este mismo número, la vida familiar en España, hoy como en el pasado y como en los demás países, está sujeta a un profundo proceso de cambio caracterizado por una privatización creciente de los proyectos de vida familiar, privatización que implica una mayor autonomía individual en relación a la configuración de los proyectos de vida y de formación de una familia. En este trabajo se quiere analizar en qué medida este proceso de cambio está alterando o no las bases de la solidaridad entre los miembros de la familia. En este contexto utilizaremos el significado sociológico de familia, entendiendo por tal toda unión de un hombre y una mujer con vocación de estabilidad en el tiempo, que comparten una vivienda y una economía común así como los asecendientes, descendientes y colaterales comunes, con los que no necesariamente tiene que mantener ni vivienda ni economía común. Esto es, por familia entenderemos un grupo definido por lazos de parentesco consanguíneos o políticos más amplio que la definición estadística de hogar (persona(s) que comparten una vivienda y economía común). Para este análisis nos basaremos mayormente en los datos de una encuesta levantada en la Comunidad de Madrid a finales del 2000, a falta de datos su

The transition to formal education is a critical transition in children's lives that has importance for socio-emotional and behavioral functioning. In the transition process, teachers are key players who work intensively with children and their families. This article focuses on teachers' perceptions of children´s socio-emotional behavior during the transition from preschool to primary school. We collected qualitative teacher interviews from 112 teachers from five different countries-Australia, China, Finland, Japan and Spain. The research questions were: (1) How do teachers in the five countries perceive children's abilities in expressing and regulating emotions. (2) How are children's emotions linked to their family relationships? (3) What similarities and differences across countries exist in teachers' perceptions of children's emotions? Overall, the interviewed teachers considered children's emotional skills of crucial importance in the first grade and emphasized the importance of teaching children emotional skills, emotion management and regulation. The teachers reported that children can be stressed, worried or anxious during the transition. The educators also reported that transitions in the family such as parental divorce, the birth of a sibling or the death of a family member can manifest in children at school as restlessness, excitement, sadness or instability. Similarities and differences in the emphasis placed on children's emotions by teachers were found across the five countries. We interpret these results to reflect differences in teacher education, school culture, resources and teachers' freedom of choice in the educational system in the different participating countries. These factors all impact on how teachers think about children and emotions.

RESUMENLos padres varones han aumentado su participación en el cuidado de los niños en los últimos años. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer si esta creciente implicación de los padres varones sustituye al cuidado de los abuelos o si, por el contrario, existe una relación de complementariedad. Se analiza una muestra procedente de la Encuesta sobre el uso de los permisos parentales compuesta por 1.125 personas con hijos menores de 13 años que viven en pareja y en la que ambos están empleados. Los resultados indican que el cuidado de padres varones y de abuelos tiende a sustituirse y no tanto a complementarse. El análisis también muestra que una parte significativa de parejas de doble ingreso no cuentan con cuidado de abuelos de forma habitual, y que el cuidado de los abuelos paternos no sustituye al de los abuelos maternos -y viceversa-, sino que mantienen una relación de complementariedad.Palabras clave: abuelos, padres, conciliación, cuidado de niños, masculinidades, división del trabajo doméstico.ABSTRACT During the last years, fathers have become more involved on childcare in Spain. The aim of this article is to know whether this increasing involvement of the fathers replaces the care provided by the grandparents or, on the contrary, there is a complementary relationship. We used a sample from the Survey of Parental Leaves Use in Spain, which is composed by 1,125 dual earner respondents with at least one child under 13 _____________ * Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación "El uso social de los permisos parentales en España" financiado por la Dirección General de Investigación Científica, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, ref. CSO2009-11328, a quienes los autores agradecen el apoyo recibido. Gerardo Meil y Jesús Rogero-GarcíaAbuelas, abuelos y padres varones… Cuadernos de Relaciones LaboralesVol. 32, Núm.1 (2014) 49-67 50 years old. Our results show that childcare carried out by fathers and grandparents tend to be substitutive, and not complementary. Our analysis also reveals that a significant part of the dual earner couples does not receive grandparents' support on childcare on a daily basis. The childcare provided by the maternal grandparents does not substitute the childcare carried out by the parental grandparents, but they complement each other.