Highlights 13 The cost-optimal choice of energy technologies in a ZEB is determined 14 This paper presents a methodology for determining ZEB buildings' cost optimal energy system design 24 seen from the building owner's perspective. The added value of this work is the inclusion of peak load 25 tariffs and feed-in-tariffs, the facilitation of load shifting by use of a thermal storage, along with the 26 integrated optimisation of the investment and operation of the energy technologies. The model allows for 27 detailed understanding of the hourly operation of the building, and how the ZEB interacts with the 28 electricity grid through the characteristics of its net electric load profile. The modelling framework can be 29 adapted to fit individual countries' ZEB definitions. The findings are important for policy makers as they 30 identify how subsidies and EPBD's regulations influence the preferred energy technology choice, which 31 subsequently determines its grid interaction. A case study of a Norwegian school building shows that the 32 heat technology is altered from HP to bio boiler when the ZEB requirement is applied. 33
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