Excessive amounts of salts and soil water deficiency interfere on seed germination and the full development of several crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of water stress and salinity on the germination process and initial growth of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings. In the first experiment, two quinoa seed lots with different physiological conditions were distributed on paper soaked in aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol PEG-6000 in osmotic potentials corresponding to 0.0; -0.1; -0.2; -0.3 and -0.4 MPa and held at 20 °C under 8 hours of light exposition. In the second experiment, solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) and magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) were used to simulate the effect of salinity using the osmotic potentials, temperature and light conditions previously described. Assessed parameters were the germination percentage, first count, length and dry mass of seedlings. There was a reduction in quinoa germination percentage, first seed count and seedling length as the osmotic potential decreased in CaCl 2 , NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 and PEG-6000 solutions. The quinoa seeds exhibited higher tolerance to NaCl and KCl salts in the germination process and initial seedling growth. The progressive reduction of the osmotic potential induced by salts NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 and PEG-6000 negatively affects seed germination and initial growth of quinoa seedlings.
Salicylic acid acts on several plant physiological processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if salicylic acid interferes on the physiological quality of common bean seeds soaked with different concentrations by testing two seed imbibition methodologies. Common bean seeds of the cultivars Fepagro 26 and Predileto were utilized. The seeds were soaked in solutions of salicylic acid with concentrations of zero, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 3,000 and 5,000 μM. Seed imbibition occurred in two ways: (1) germination paper moistened with salicylic acid solutions, and (2) seed imbibition in salicylic acid solutions in plastic boxes for 24 hours and subsequent sowing on germination paper moistened with distilled water. The experiment was maintained in a germination incubator under 25 °C temperature and with constant light. The number of normal seedlings (first count), length, fresh and dry matter of seedlings were determined on the fifth day after sowing. Germination percentage was assessed nine days after sowing. The study was performed in a completely randomized design with four replicates and 50 seeds were used for each treatment. Regression analysis was performed for salicylic acid concentrations, with no comparison of cultivars and seed imbibition methods. Salicylic acid in concentrations up to 1,000 μM does not negatively affect the common bean seed germination of the cultivars Fepagro 26 and Predileto, using seed soaking for 24 hours and imbibition in the germination paper. Concentrations of salicylic acid up to 1,000 μM and seed imbibition for 24 hours do not affect the vigor (first count) of the two common bean cultivars.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited.This review compiles information on physiological and physicochemical interactions between herbicides, addressing the most known cases of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, as well as their physiological bases, and the methods for evaluating herbicide interactions. Reference models for herbicide interactions have been reported and they usually interfere interpretation of the mixture effect. Antagonistic interactions can increase the evolution of weed resistance by favoring the survival of individuals exposed to the herbicide. Physicochemical incompatibility in the spray tank usually causes herbicide antagonism, whereas both synergism and antagonism can result from increased or decreased uptake/translocation and from physiological changes in the plant.
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