Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação no sistema plantio direto, na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, em comparação ao sistema convencional. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três experimentos e dez repetições: E1, sistema plantio direto após nivelamento do terreno (E1PDR) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens a 0,0-0,07 m após nivelamento do terreno (E1C), sete anos de pousio do cultivo de arroz, com semeadura de azevém no inverno e pastejo animal; E2, sistema plantio direto (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2C), após campo nativo; E3, sistema plantio direto (E3PD), sistema plantio direto após nivelamento do terreno com remaplan (E3PDR) e sistema convencional (E3C), após arroz irrigado em sistema convencional, durante um ano sob campo nativo. As propriedades físicas do solo diferiram pouco entre os sistemas de plantio direto e o sistema convencional. O cultivo continuado com arroz irrigado causou compactação do solo na camada 0,07-0,10 m. A produtividade de arroz não diferiu nos sistemas plantio direto e convencional, nos experimentos 1 e 2. No experimento 3, com maior quantidade de restos culturais de arroz, a produtividade foi superior no sistema convencional.Termos para indexação: Oryza sativa, manejo do solo, qualidade física do solo, rendimento. Soil physical properties and yield of flooded rice under no-tillageAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil physical properties and the yield of flooded rice under no-tillage, in the west border of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, compared with the conventional tillage system. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three experiments (E) and ten replicates: E1, no-tillage after leveling (E1PDR) and conventional tillage with two harrowings at 0.0-0.07 m layer after leveling (E1C), after seven years of fallow of rice tillage, with sowing of rye grass in winter and grazing; E2, no-tillage (E2PD) and conventional tillage (E2C), after native field; E3, no-tillage (E3PD), no-tillage after leveling (E3PDR), and conventional tillage (E3C) after rice under conventional tillage, during one year under native field. The soil physical properties differed little between the no-tillage system and conventional tillage. Continued tillage with irrigated rice caused soil compaction in the 0.07-0.10 m layers. The rice yield did not differ between the no-tillage system and conventional tillage, in the experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 3, with greater amount of remaining rice straw, the yield was greater in the conventional tillage system. Index terms: Oryza sativa, soil tillage, soil physical quality, yield. IntroduçãoO Estado do Rio Grande do Sul produz mais de 50% do arroz do país, notadamente o arroz irrigado, que tem elevada produtividade, comparada ao arroz de terras altas (Sociedade Sul-Brasileira de Arroz Irrigado, 2010). O Município de Uruguaiana é o maior produtor nacional de arroz irrigado, seguido pelo Município d...
RESUMO O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o maior produtor de arroz irrigado do País, com destaque para a região da Fronteira Oeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação em plantio direto e convencional, em níveis de palha residual de arroz em plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro experimentos e 10 repetições nos experimentos 1, 2 e 3 e seis no experimento 4. Os sistemas de manejo foram: experimento 1 (E1), sistema PD (E1PD) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens na camada de 0-7 cm + remaplan (E1C), em área de um ano de cultivo de arroz, após sete anos de pousio do cultivo de arroz e semeadura de azevém no inverno, com pastejo animal o ano todo; experimento 2 (E2), sistema PD (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2C), após campo nativo; experimento 3 (E3), sistema PD (E3PD) e sistema convencional (E3C), após plantio direto de arroz irrigado durante dois anos em área de campo nativo; e no experimento 4 utilizaram-se quatro níveis de palha residual antes da semeadura do arroz. A produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação não diferiu entre os sistemas plantio direto e convencional. A massa seca residual do arroz antes da semeadura não influenciou a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação.Termos de indexação: restos culturais, plantio direto, rendimento, Oryza sativa.
The objective of this work was to evaluate nitrogen management alternatives using Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by seed and foliar applications. Treatments consisted of the inoculation or not of A. brasilense, via seed and leaves, associated with topdressing with 0, 70, and 140 kg ha-1 nitrogen. Three wheat cultivars were tested: BRS Parrudo, TBIO Quartzo, and TBIO Sinuelo. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with three replicates. The following traits were evaluated: number of emerged plants, tillers, spikelets per ear, grains per ear, and grains per spikelet; 1,000-grain mass; hectoliter mass; and grain yield. The foliar management of A. brasilense showed a better association with the TBIO Sinuelo cultivar. The foliar application of A. brasilense, whether alone or combined with seed treatment, increases the grain yield and yield components of the evaluated cultivars.
Excessive amounts of salts and soil water deficiency interfere on seed germination and the full development of several crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of water stress and salinity on the germination process and initial growth of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings. In the first experiment, two quinoa seed lots with different physiological conditions were distributed on paper soaked in aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol PEG-6000 in osmotic potentials corresponding to 0.0; -0.1; -0.2; -0.3 and -0.4 MPa and held at 20 °C under 8 hours of light exposition. In the second experiment, solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) and magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) were used to simulate the effect of salinity using the osmotic potentials, temperature and light conditions previously described. Assessed parameters were the germination percentage, first count, length and dry mass of seedlings. There was a reduction in quinoa germination percentage, first seed count and seedling length as the osmotic potential decreased in CaCl 2 , NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 and PEG-6000 solutions. The quinoa seeds exhibited higher tolerance to NaCl and KCl salts in the germination process and initial seedling growth. The progressive reduction of the osmotic potential induced by salts NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 and PEG-6000 negatively affects seed germination and initial growth of quinoa seedlings.
Seed treatment is a practice that helps the initial establishment of the crop without the effects caused by pests and diseases. The association of diazotrophic bacteria with grasses has been used in the supply of nitrogen to plants; however, these microorganisms produce growth-promoting substances, which promote benefits in the growth and development of the crops. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of Azospirillum brasilense associated with the fungicide difenoconazole and the insecticide thiamethoxam by observing the effects on the quality of seed emergence of three wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Three wheat cultivars, arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial system with four replicates, were tested. The treatments were the control; difenoconazole (Spectro® at a dose of 150 mL per 100 kg of seed); thiamethoxam (Cruiser® FS 350 at a dose of 200 mL per 100 kg seed) and difenoconazole + thiamethoxam, applied on wheat cultivars TBIO Mestre, TBIO Itaipu and TBIO Sinuelo. Bacteria from the Azospirillum genus were used in the inoculation. The wheat seed retains its quality when it checks the germination, vigor and independent accelerated aging, whether or not fungicide, insecticide and A. brasilense were used. The insecticide thiamethoxam increased the length of shoots and roots and provided compatibility with A. brasilense, and fungicide inhibited the length of shoots and roots and was antagonistic to the bacterium A. brasilense.
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