Current situation and agricultural management on the non-black earth area of Russia arebeing gradually worsen by the negative natural factors such as a significant increase of weather based climatic abnormal risks, deterioration of agro-meliorative conditions of agricultural lands because of colonization by tree and shrubbery vegetation and secondary bog formation, hidden degradation of soil fertility. When combined with functional loss of ameliorative complex and meliorative systems amortization, regional agriculture adaptation possibilities were rapidly limited. Production shortfall due no abnormal weather conditions for particular field crops was 19…48% during last five years, level of business realization of bioclimatic potential on a field was decreased by 7…12%.The complete realization of regional agricultural adaptive potential to weather based climatic changes and limitation of greenhouse gases emissions is possible on a basis of regeneration ofalll functions and aspects of ameliorative complex management. Toward this goal the coordinated actions of federal and regional management of Agricultural Complex, Scientific and Educational institutions, project foundations and managers are needed in a relation to human resources, scientific and regulatory supply. Any incomplete treatment in these fields inherent in visual negative consequences for food security and social economic development of rural areas of non-black earth zones not only at the current historical moment, but in a future also. Fundamental influence of solving of these problems deserves to scientific supply of innovative ameliorative complex, renewal of which should be based on principals of resources and energy preservation, nature management, computerization and digitalization management. During a long term research it was established that increase of average vegetation period temperature by lоСhas increased productivity of winter wheat, barley and summer wheat in average on 0,7 tons per ha, winter wheat and oat on 0,4 tons per ha, potatoes – 8,2 tons per ha, edible roots-6,4 tons per ha, cabbage 9,8 tons per ha, dry basis of herbage of multi and one age grasses–0,5 and 0,7 tons per ha. Increase of СО2 Concentration from 0,35 to 0,45% during last twenty years contributed into grow of yield in regional agriculture which can be estimated as 0,3 tons per ha per measure; searching remedy for agroclimatical risks decreasing production became drainage and irrigation systems (decrease 3…5 times);new method of reclamation of abandoned areas with transformation of biomass of tree and shrubbery vegetation into biochar makes it possible to decrease СО2 emissions up to times and get an adverse balance of СО2;secondary reclamation of lands covered by trees and shrubbery on area of 22ha used for vegetables and area of 37ha used for forage crops could supply a farmer with work and revenue sufficient for maintenance of one child what is on the major facts of population declaim in rural areas.
The paper attempts to clarify the criteria for determining the effectiveness of wastewater irrigation based on the analysis of the response of microbial activity of the soil to the concentration of some hazardous substances that may be in the water. The authors attribute this to the fact that, according to experience, the use of reclamation measures in agricultural irrigation fields does not always fully consider the danger of suppression of the soil microbiome by components such as organochlorine substances (carcinogens) and aluminum salts in the structure of reagents used in wastewater pretreatment processes. It is proved that the orientation of soil educational processes ultimately determines the probability of development and the degree of soil degradation, therefore, the most important point is the assessment of the living conditions of soil microorganisms that mainly cause these processes. The absence of factors, suppression of the activity of the soil microbiome may be the main indicator in assessing the optimality of these conditions.
Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.
The presented materials are prepared on the basis of the results of long-term field experiments of domestic and foreign research institutions, results of agrochemical monitoring in the system of agrochemical service of the Russian Federation in various soil and climatic zones of Russia. The materials substantiate the importance and role of lime acidic soils, presented analysis of the state and dynamics of acidity of soils of agricultural land, the features of the use of different forms of limecontaining materials. The main functions of soil lime are indicated and the consequences in case of weakening of soil acidity are predicted. It has been established that the effect of the reclamation on the acidity of the soil is divided into two periods. The maximum displacement of pHKCl is observed 3…5 years after the introduction of the reclamation. The prevailing doses of lime in the materials given were doses of Saso3 4…6 t/ha, i.e. the most commonly used in the Non-Black Earth area. The quantitative parameters of changes in the level of acidity of the environment with the systematic use of physiologically acidic mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen and potassium, which have an increasing effect on calcium loss from the soil. The growing negative effect of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers on the physical and chemical properties of the soil can lead first to their partial, and then to complete inefficiency on turf-sub-golden soils. The quantitative parameters of changes in the level of soil response in flood conditions during rice cultivation have been established. The results of the effect of different doses of lime on crop yields are presented. It is noted that soil lime is the main environmental measure to ensure the stabilization of the environmental safety of agro-censors and obtain products that meet sanitary standards. The need to restore the practice of lime in the right volumes in the near future is emphasized.
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