A rise in the level of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) during flowering of the thermogenic voodoo lily, Sauromatum guttatum, leads to a pronounced temperature elevation by stimulation of the alternative respiratory pathway. We have studied the thermal response of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves, a non-thermogenic tissue, to exogenous SA, and its relation to alternative respiration. A reproducible increase in surface temperature of 0.5-1.0 degrees C was registered with high-resolution infrared cameras. The same phenomenon was observed when 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, an active analogue of SA, was used. Non-active SA analogues, such as 3- and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, did not induce thermogenicity. The thermal effect of SA was abolished with inhibitors of the alternative pathway, such as salicylhydroxamic acid and propyl gallate. Polarographic measurement of the respiratory activity, including that of the alternative pathway in SA-treated plants, showed a significant increase of both total respiration and the alternative pathway compared with non-treated controls. Therefore, we postulate that, as in thermogenic species, SA enhances the activity of total respiration and of the cyanide-resistant pathway in tobacco leaves, subsequently leading to an elevation in surface temperature

Advanced information and communications technologies (ICT) facilitate the increase of effectiveness and efficiency of defence and security organizations, governmental services, the economy, and quality of life, while at the same time providing opportunities for malicious actors to cause significant damage without exercising physical coercion. Policies for security and resilience of modern societies to threats and risks from the cyberspace account for foreseen cyber threats, their immediate impact on ICT infrastructure, consequent effects on critical services, as well as cascading effects across systems and infrastructures. This paper presents the architecture used to plan and, consequently, manage cybersecurity research in Bulgaria. It covers five application areas (information management systems; industrial control systems; unmanned and remotely piloted vehicles; bio-integrated systems; and cognitive processes and decision-making), the study of systems of systems, and support to the formulation and implementation of cybersecurity policy.

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