Many retailers believe that a majority of purchases are unplanned, so they spend heavily on in-store marketing to stimulate these types of purchases. At the same time, the effects of "preshopping" factors-the shoppers' overall trip goals, store-specific shopping objectives, and prior marketing exposures-are largely unexplored. The authors focus on these out-of-store drivers and, unlike prior research, use panel data to "hold the shopper constant" while estimating unbiased trip-level effects. Thus, they uncover opportunities for retailers to generate more unplanned buying from existing shoppers. The authors find that the amount of unplanned buying increases monotonically with the abstractness of the overall shopping trip goal that is established before the shopper enters the store. Storelinked goals also affect unplanned buying; unplanned buying is higher on trips in which the shopper chooses the store for favorable pricing and lower on trips in which the shopper chooses the store as part of a multistore shopping trip. Although out-of-store marketing has no direct effect, it reinforces the lift in unplanned buying from shoppers who use marketing materials inside the store. The authors discuss the implications for retailers.
Our understanding of the aetiology of leukaemia is progressing rapidly. Differentiation of chronic myeloid leukaemia through an abnormal chromosome 21, a high risk of acute leukaemia in mongols, again with anomalies of chromosome 21, a demonstrated association between the risk of leukaemia and the dose of radiation received, and between therapeutic irradiation and chromosomal anomalies, indicate the importance of chromosomal changes in many instances of the disease. At (Knox, 1963) to analyse the methodological and conceptual problems of the space-time cluster, particularly when we are dealing with a low intensity of events, as we are in leukaemia. Briefly, it is proposed that the examination of such events requires a separate examination for the three components of epidemicity: (a) concentrations in space, over the whole of the time of the study; (b) concentrations in time over the whole of the area of the study; (c) interactions between space and time concentrations. Examination for the last component amounts to a search for movements of high concentration areas and the method proposed is the examination of all possible pairs, or a selection of them, to see whether short geographical distances are positively correlated with short time intervals.The present paper is an analysis, both in these terms and by more orthodox methods, of the space and time distribution of childhood leukaemia in the North of England over a period of 10 years.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.