Risk factors for preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes: A multicenter case-control study

Pre and post conception risk factors in PROM

“…Williams 19 also stated that increased cadmium levels by cigarette smoking decreases the availability of Cu +2 for collagen synthesis in amnion mesenchymal cells. Evaldson et al 20 and Harger et al 21 found smoking to be significant as a risk factor for preterm PROM. Nicotine causes arteriolar constriction leading to uterine decidual ischemia 3 so affecting the integrity of the membranes.…”

Clinical Risk Factors for Preterm Birth

“…Placental ischaemia occurs and is implicated in the pathogenesis of placental abruption and of preterm birth (Vintzileos, 2008, Ananth, et al, 2007. Decidual bleeding at the time of formation of the placenta is associated with preterm birth through an increased risk of PPROM (Harger, 1990).…”

Weakening and Rupture of Human Fetal Membranes – Biochemistry and Biomechanics

“…: periodontal infections) may also increase the levels of proinflammatory cytokines at the materno-fetal, interface (Offenbacher et al, 2006;Carta et al, 2004). Decidual hemorrhage/abruption is also highly associated with PPROM (Harger et al, 1990;Salafia et al, 1995). Additional risk factors include advanced maternal age, primiparity, (Ladfors et al, 2000) smoking, (Burguet et al, 2004) short cervical length structural abnormality of chorioamniotic membranes (Stuart et al, 2005), and PPROM with preterm birth in a previous pregnancy (Ladfors et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2003;Shen et al, 2008).…”