Undiagnosed hypothyroidism in pregnant women may adversely affect their fetuses; therefore, screening for thyroid deficiency during pregnancy may be warranted.

The possibility of improving the effectiveness of antenatal screening for Down's syndrome by measuring human chorionic gonadotrophin concen- IntroductionDown's syndrome is the most common congenital cause of severe mental retardation, with an incidence at birth of about 1-3 per 1000. The current method of antenatal screening is to select women for a diagnostic amniocentesis on the basis of advanced age. Age is, however, a poor basis for screening and has had little impact on the incidence at birth. With age as a basis for screening only about 30% of all Down's syndrome pregnancies can be detected by carrying out amniocentesis on the 5% of women most at risk-that is, those aged 36 years or greater-though in practice fewer than 15% of affected pregnancies are detected because fewer than half of these older women actually have amniocentesis.' Additional antenatal screening tests such as maternal serum measurements of c fetoprotein and unconjugated oestriol can increase the rate of detection to about 45% if the 5% of pregnant

Measurement of urine cotinine levels provides further evidence of an association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and pulmonary morbidity in children with asthma. These data emphasize the need for systematic, persistent efforts to stop the exposure of children with asthma to environmental tobacco smoke.

Measuring serum alpha-fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin, and estriol is more effective in screening for fetal Down's syndrome than measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein alone. Such an expanded protocol can readily be incorporated into existing prenatal screening programs.

No abstract

Prenatal screening of serum to generate individual estimates of the risk of Down's syndrome in the fetus can provide a basis for decision making in the cases of women 35 years of age or older, as it does in younger pregnant women, and is an alternative to current testing practices.

Screening for Down's syndrome in the first trimester is feasible, with use of measurements of pregnancy-associated protein A and either hCG or its free beta subunit in maternal serum.

No abstract