Maternal Thyroid Deficiency during Pregnancy and Subsequent Neuropsychological Development of the Child

Haddow, James E.; Palomaki, Glenn E.; Allan, Walter C.; Williams, Josephine; Knight, George J.; Gagnon, June; O'Heir, Cheryl E.; Mitchell, Marvin L.; Hermos, R J; Waisbren, Susan E.; Faix, James D.; Klein, Robert Z.

doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410801

Cited by 2,225 publications

(1,344 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Even mild or subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy may affect the mental development of the infant (2,18) . For this reason, an adequate dietary intake of I throughout the pregnancy period is highly important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Turkey (Malatya Province): 7 years after the introduction of mandatory table salt iodization

Eğri

Ercan²,

Karaoğlu

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the urinary I excretion of pregnant women in Malatya Province, eastern Turkey.Design and settingA cross-sectional study was performed on pregnant women in urban and rural settlements of Malatya Province.SubjectsUrinary I excretion was measured for 824 pregnant women who were randomly selected using a probability-proportional-to-size sampling methodology.ResultsMedian urinary I concentration (UIC) of pregnant women was 77·4 μg/l. The percentage of pregnant women with UIC below 100 μg/l was 83·3.ConclusionThese results indicate that I deficiency disorders (IDD) is still a problem in Malatya Province and most certainly in other parts of the country. Proper monitoring of I content of the salt sold or used in the area, in order to strengthen the IDD intervention programme, is suggested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Turkey (Malatya Province): 7 years after the introduction of mandatory table salt iodization

Eğri

Ercan²,

Karaoğlu

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Investigating potential ototoxicity of developmental exposure to PBDE would thus be of interest. It should also be pointed out that decrements in neurological development in children of mothers with 25% decrease in T 4 have been reported (Haddow et al 1999), suggesting indeed that effects of PBDEs on thyroid hormones may contribute to their developmental neurotoxicity.…”

Section: Effects On Thyroid Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Thyroid hormones are known to play a relevant role in brain development (Chan and Rovet, 2003;LaFranchi et al 2005), and hypothyroidism has been associated with a large number of neuroanatomical and behavioral effects (Schalock et al 1977;Haddow et al 1999;Zoeller and Crofton, 2005). Several chemicals can disrupt thyroid function leading to a decrease in thyroxine (T 4 ).…”

Section: Effects On Thyroid Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

2007

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“…The fetal brain is particularly vulnerable to maternal hypothyroidism in iodine deficiency, and iodine deficiency is the leading cause worldwide of preventable mental retardation (Bleichrodt & Born, 1994). Even mild or subclinical maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy can impair mental development of the newborn (Haddow et al, 1999;Glinoer & Delange, 2000). This paper discusses: (a) the iodine nutrition of pregnant women and women of child-bearing age in Europe; (b) the use of iodine-containing supplements by these groups; (c) trials of iodine supplementation in pregnancy; and (d) the availability and regulation of iodine-containing supplements in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendations

Zimmermann

Delange²

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

192

100

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Objective: Nearly two-thirds of the population of Western and Central Europe live in countries that are iodine deficient. Damage to reproductive function and to the development of the fetus and newborn is the most important consequence of iodine deficiency. The objective of this review was to examine the iodine status of pregnant women in Europe and the potential need for iodine supplementation. Design: A MEDLINE/PubMed search and compilation of all published studies since 1990 of iodine nutrition and iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe, as well as an Internet-based search and review on availability and legislation of iodine supplements in the European Union. Results: Although the data suggest most women in Europe are iodine deficient during pregnancy, less than 50% receive supplementation with iodine. Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy adversely affects thyroid function of the mother and newborn and mental development of the offspring and these adverse effects can be prevented or minimized by supplementation. There are no published data on the effect of iodine supplementation on long-term maternal and child outcomes. The iodine content of prenatal supplements in Europe varies widely; many commonly used products contain no iodine. The European Union is developing legislation to establish permissible levels for iodine in food supplements. Conclusions: In most European countries, pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy should receive an iodinecontaining supplement (E150 mg/day). Kelp and seaweed-based products, because of unacceptable variability in their iodine content, should be avoided. Prenatal supplement manufacturers should be encouraged to include adequate iodine in their products. Professional organizations should influence evolving EU legislation to ensure optimal doses for iodine in prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements.

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Maternal Thyroid Deficiency during Pregnancy and Subsequent Neuropsychological Development of the Child

Abstract: Undiagnosed hypothyroidism in pregnant women may adversely affect their fetuses; therefore, screening for thyroid deficiency during pregnancy may be warranted.

Cited by 2,225 publications

References 15 publications

Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Turkey (Malatya Province): 7 years after the introduction of mandatory table salt iodization

Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Turkey (Malatya Province): 7 years after the introduction of mandatory table salt iodization

Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendations

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