Background Ecological and environmental protection is essential to achieving sustainable and high-quality development, which highlights the important role of environmental governance. In terms of the practical actions of environmental governance, the central government in China has carried out continuous rating and praise campaigns, and local governments have actively promoted this effort. However, the related performance consequences have not been empirically investigated. We aimed to verify whether this incentive policy can improve the efficiency of environmental governance and whether this governance method has long-term effects. In addition, we sought to identify mechanisms through which the policy can improve environmental governance. Method We take the rating and praise campaign of the Establishment of National Sanitary Cities (EONSCs) as a quasi-natural experiment and use the panel data for 174 cities from 2004 to 2016 and the propensity score matching-difference in differences (PSM-DID) method to test the impact of rating and praise campaigns on environmental governance efficiency. Results EONSCs campaign can improve the efficiency of environmental governance by 0.7595 (p<0.01), which is significant at the 1% level; the effects are clearly significant during the evaluation process and the year in which cities are named National Sanitary Cities (NSCs) but decrease annually thereafter. The EONSCs campaign has a significant promoting effect on public services provision, such as public infrastructure investment, public transportation and education. Conclusions (1) The rating and praise campaigns can effectively improve the efficiency of environmental governance; (2) the incentive effect is distorted and is not a long-term effect; (3) the impact of the rating and praise campaign of EONSCs on the efficiency of environmental governance is mainly realized through the provision of corresponding public services that are closely related to environmental protection. The findings of this paper provide empirical support for the effectiveness of the central government’s rating and praise campaigns and could motivate local governments to actively participate in environmental governance. Moreover, the findings provide an important reference for further improving the rating and praise campaigns and the level of environmental governance.
Under the bill of quantities pricing model, the price of the contract is determined in advance, making the focus of enterprise project cost management be to control the expenditure of construction costs on the premise of established revenue, reduce the risks brought about by the bill of quantities pricing model, strengthen cost control, give play to the advantages of strategic cost management, and ultimately minimize project risks to maximize the benefits obtained by the enterprise. This paper mainly analyzes the problems existing in the cost control and cost management process of construction enterprises under the bill of quantities pricing mode, and proposes corresponding solutions based on the existing problems, hoping to increase the profits of enterprises from cost control and improve their market competitiveness.
This paper tries to put forward pertinence suggestions and feasibility countermeasures for the problems of the confirmation of rural land rights in the process of urbanization. Through field research, literature review and case analysis, the paper found some issues, such as: the confirmation of rural land rights lacks manpower and talents; the higher degree of urbanization, the more disputes of land ownership; the confirmation of rural land rights pulls out the rural marginal man. The paper puts forward four suggestions, such as: Promoting the mechanism of return of talents and the mechanism of integration of urban and rural development; enhancing the capability of grassroots government in public services and strengthening the propaganda service; Supporting the villagers' autonomy; Governing nail households.
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