A new sensor using a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene and Au nanoparticles (Gr/Au/GCE) was designed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of furazolidone (FZD).

Patulin (PAT) is a common mycotoxin. Oral ingestion of PAT could damage the intestinal mucosa. Both selenium and probiotics can alleviate intestinal damage, but there are few reports on selenium-enriched probiotics. Here, we studied the protective effects of a new selenium-enriched Pediococcus acidilactici MRS-7 (SeP) on PAT-induced jejunum injuries in mice. Results show that PAT induced jejunum injuries such as loss of crypts, ulceration of the mucosa, and intestinal epithelial barrier function impairment. However, SeP could protect against PAT-induced jejunum injuries and significantly inhibit the reduction of goblet cell numbers. SeP could not only alleviate PAT-induced oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in the jejunum tissues but also alleviate the inflammatory response caused by PAT by reducing the levels of inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-6 snd IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) in the serum and jejunum tissues. In addition, SeP also inhibited the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), increased the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1), and increased the selenium content in the jejunum, thereby antagonizing the jejunum injuries caused by PAT exposure. Finally, SeP rebalanced the intestinal microbiota and improved probiotic abundance such as Turicibacter, Bif idobacterium, Ileibacterium, and Pediococcus in PAT-treated mice. These results support the possibility of SeP as a novel protective agent to mitigate the toxicity of PAT.

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Mycotoxins are the secondary metabolites of fungi in food and can be toxic to people. Therefore, developing simple, sensitive, and specific detection methods to detect mycotoxins in food is essential for ensuring food safety. Fluorescent aptasensors for the detection of mycotoxins in food have developed rapidly. They are simple and fast with high affinity and specificity. However, fluorescent aptasensors have not yet been applied in officially approved standards so far. This review elucidates fluorescent aptasensors for mycotoxin detection, including principles, constituted elements, types, and applications. Screening results of aptamers and each aptamer sequence used in fluorescent aptasensors are summarized to facilitate further research for later studies.We also focused on fluorescent probes, nanomaterials, and other strategies in the process of constructing fluorescent aptasensors. We then discuss current challenges and future perspectives in fluorescent aptasensors for mycotoxin detection.

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