Background: Nonspecific vaginitis, also known as Bacterial vaginosis, unlike genital candidiasis and trichomoniasis, is caused by microbiome breakdown. Döderlein's bacillus are gram-positive bacillus that form a microbiome, reproduce in the female vagina after gaining sexual maturity, secrete lactic acid, and prevent the growth of other vaginitis-causing bacteria. Clue cell are squamous epithelial cells with Gardnerella sp. attached to their cell surface. The presence of clue cell is one of the diagnostic criteria for nonspecific vaginitis. Additionally, although macrophages are reported to protect against candidal vaginitis, there are no reports of studies examining the association between macrophages and clue cell. Materials and Methods: After re-staining 300 class I specimens by cervical cancer screening with Papanicolaou staining, the appearance of Döderlein's bacillus, macrophages, and clue cell was observed. Result: Age group and appearance of Döderlein's bacillus were negatively correlated. The rate of appearance of macrophages was positively correlated with the age group. In people aged 50 years or more, the appearance rate of clue cells was significantly lower in the macrophage appearance group than that in the non-appearance group. Conclusion: This study suggested that macrophages, and not Döderlein's bacillus, may play an important role in defense against nonspecific vaginitis.
BackgroundAlthough previous studies have demonstrated that tumor deposits (TDs) are associated with worse prognosis in colon cancer, their clinical signi cance in rectal cancer has not been fully elucidated, especially in the lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) area. This study aimed to clarify the clinical signi cance of TDs, focusing on the number of metastatic foci, including lymph node metastasis (LNM) and TD, in the LPLN area. MethodsThis retrospective study involved 226 consecutive patients with cStage II/III low rectal cancer who underwent LPLN dissection. Metastatic foci, including LNM and TD, in the LPLN area were de ned as lateral pelvic metastasis (LP-M).LP-M was evaluated according to LP-M status: presence (absence vs presence), histopathological classi cation (LNM vs TD), and number (1 to 3 vs 4 or more). We evaluated the relapse-free survival of each model and compared them using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Harrell's concordance index (c-index). ResultsForty-nine of 226 patients (22%) had LP-M, and 15 patients (7%) had TDs. The median number of LP-M per patient was one (range, 1-9). The best risk strati cation power was observed for number (AIC, 758; c-index, 0.668) compared with presence (AIC, 759; c-index, 0.665) or histopathological classi cation (AIC, 761; 0.664). The number of LP-M was an independent prognostic factor for both relapse-free and overall survival, and was signi cantly associated with cumulative local recurrence. ConclusionThe number of metastatic foci, including LNM and TD, in the LPLN area is useful for risk strati cation of patients with low rectal cancer.
Background Although previous studies have demonstrated that tumor deposits (TDs) are associated with worse prognosis in colon cancer, their clinical significance in rectal cancer has not been fully elucidated, especially in the lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) area. This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of TDs, focusing on the number of metastatic foci, including lymph node metastasis (LNM) and TD, in the LPLN area. Methods This retrospective study involved 226 consecutive patients with cStage II/III low rectal cancer who underwent LPLN dissection. Metastatic foci, including LNM and TD, in the LPLN area were defined as lateral pelvic metastasis (LP-M). LP-M was evaluated according to LP-M status: presence (absence vs presence), histopathological classification (LNM vs TD), and number (1 to 3 vs 4 or more). We evaluated the relapse-free survival of each model and compared them using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Harrell’s concordance index (c-index). Results Forty-nine of 226 patients (22%) had LP-M, and 15 patients (7%) had TDs. The median number of LP-M per patient was one (range, 1-9). The best risk stratification power was observed for number (AIC, 758; c-index, 0.668) compared with presence (AIC, 759; c-index, 0.665) or histopathological classification (AIC, 761; c-index, 0.664). The number of LP-M was an independent prognostic factor for both relapse-free and overall survival, and was significantly associated with cumulative local recurrence. Conclusion The number of metastatic foci, including LNM and TD, in the LPLN area is useful for risk stratification of patients with low rectal cancer.
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