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This paper studies two main issues: 1) the parameters forming children's spatial knowledge and 2) the influential factors on children's mobility in home-school travel and the choice of travel mode. For this purpose the daily home-school itinerary of children living in a high density residential community within Tehran was surveyed. The data were analyzed with relevance to age, gender, travel mode, home-school distance, traffic and social safety. Results confirmed the significance of children's mobility within homeschool travel in their acquisition of spatial knowledge. Those children who walked to school or took the bus on their own, presented better sketch maps compared to those who were driven by car or took the school bus. Age was also found to be a significant factor in the children's mobility within home-school travel and in the drawing of the sketch maps. Unexpectedly, boys did not present a better spatial knowledge than that of girls. This may be attributed to the higher average home-school distance for boys. Finally, the results indicated that traffic danger and social insecurity are indirectly influential on children's spatial knowledge by imposing restrictions on their mobility within home-school travel.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relation between quality and expense of cleaning service in universities. The research of expenses and specification of cleaning work order was conducted at 14 national and private universities. Results are as follows: 1) As far as cleaning expense per square meter is concerned, that of private universities is twice and more than that of national universities.2) In terms of N University, there is a big difference between cleaning service scope and frequency in each department. 3) High frequency of cleaning work causes cleanness. However, it's not necessarily to enhance performance level even if expense of cleaning increases.

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The aim ofthe study is