The repetitive use of glyphosate in the control of weeds in eucalyptus plantations has selected tolerant species such as Commelina benghalensis. Therefore, the use of herbicides of other mechanisms of action, such as saflufenacil, in rotation or combination with glyphosate, is necessary to reduce damages caused by C. benghalensis, whose sensitivity to herbicides can be influenced by the shading caused by the eucalyptus crop. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of saflufenacil in the management of C. benghalensis at different shading levels. Three experiments were carried out regarding a certain shading level (cultivation environment with 0, 40, and 55% shade). The experimental design was a randomized block design with five herbicide doses (0, 24.5, 49, 73.5, and 98 g ha-1 of saflufenacil) and four replications. At 28 days after herbicide application, the percentage of control and shoot dry matter were assessed, as well as the biomass allocation to leaves, stems, and roots of C. benghalensis. Plants cultivated at 0% shade presented a higher dry matter accumulation and a better distribution of biomass in leaves, stem, and roots, contributing with the increased tolerance to saflufenacil and not being controlled with effectiveness under the assessed doses. As shading was increased, plants of C. benghalensis allocated most of their biomass to the shoot, especially leaves, reducing their reserve structures and increasing the contact area with the herbicide, making them more susceptible to saflufenacil.
RESUMOO uso de antídotos capazes de proteger o eucalipto dos danos provocados pelo glyphosate permitirá mudanças nas técnicas de aplicação desse herbicida, tornando as operações mais simples e com menor custo. ABSTRACTThe use of antidotes capable of protecting eucalypt damage caused by glyphosate herbicide that allows changes in application techniques, making them simpler and cheaper operations. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the protective effect of Fertiactyl Pós ® on eucalypt plants submitted the application of glyphosate. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial 5 x 5, and the factors dose Fertiactyl Pós ® (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 L ha -1 ) and glyphosate (0, 90, 180, 360 and 720 g ha ). The treatments were applied such that the sprayed herbicide to reach all eucalypt plant. Physiological evaluations were carried out in the eucalypt at 10, 33 and 55 days after application (DAA). At 56 DAA, evaluated the leaf area, the content of nutrients in the leaves and dry mass of shoots and roots of eucalypt. Using the Fertiactyl Pós ® were not observed visual effects of gyphosate in eucalypt in any of the evaluated doses. The application of the highest dose of glyphosate in mixture with 0.56 L ha -1 Fertiactyl Pós ® resulted in estimated total dry matter equal to the control plants and 6.6% more than the use of 720 g ha -1 of glyphosate without Fertiactyl Pós ® . The use of Fertiactyl Pós ® was effective in reducing the damage glyphosate applied in eucalypt plants, however, at high doses, this product can damage this culture.
What is expected from an effective antidote, applied with an herbicide, is that it protects crops from damages by the herbicide without reducing its action on weeds. In this context, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of liquid fertilizer as a protector of eucalyptus plants and to control signal grass (Urochloa brizantha) submitted the application of glyphosate when applied in tank mixture. Plants were submitted to doses of liquid fertilizer and glyphosate; the application was performed so that the syrup would reach all aerial parts of the plants. The intoxication percentage of eucalyptus plants was evaluated on day 14, 35 and 49 after application (DAA). On day 49 DAA, the morphologic parameters of eucalyptus plants and the dry mass of signal grass were evaluated. The increase in glyphosate doses reduced the dry mass of signal grass, and 1,080 g ha-1 of glyphosate caused the death of the plant, regardless of the use of the liquid fertilizer. At 90, 180, 360 and 540 g ha-1 doses of glyphosate, the mixing tank with liquid fertilizer reduced glyphosate damages to signal grass. Higher doses of glyphosate caused greater toxicity in eucalyptus and the use of liquid fertilizer reduced this poisoning. High doses of glyphosate increased the control of signal grass, but they also increased the damages to eucalyptus, and the liquid fertilizer tends to reduce such damage. The tank mixture of glyphosate + liquid fertilizer (540 g ha-1 + 3 L ha-1) controlled signal grass without causing damages to eucalyptus.
Available information on physical compatibility and stability of pesticide mixtures is scarce and often divergent. This knowledge is of fundamental importance in the success of pest, disease, and weed control programs. Compatibility and stability of two glyphosate formulations (WG and SL) in a mixture with fluazinam + deltamethrin + trifloxystrobin/cyproconazole at four diluted water concentrations and different times were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The evaluations were performed at the following time intervals: immediately after mixing and 1, 5, 10, 30, 120, 900, and 1,440 minutes after the mixing of pesticides. Scores were assigned on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 meant immediate separation of compounds and 5 the perfect mixture stability up to 30 minutes. The data were submitted to descriptive statistics and presented in tables. Mixture stability differed in glyphosate formulations and their concentrations due to the used spray solution volume. Distinct mixtures between glyphosate (SL) and deltamethrin, as well as between glyphosate (WG) and deltamethrin, were physically compatible when stirred again even after 24 hours at rest. The mixture containing glyphosate (SL), deltamethrin, and fluazinam and trifloxystrobin/ cyproconazole was incompatible at a volume of 30 L ha-1.
Resumo -Diante da intensa utilização de herbicidas, aliada à escassez de informações referentes ao efeito residual desses compostos em alguns solos brasileiros, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o potencial de lixiviação por meio de ensaios biológicos, do herbicida sulfentrazone, nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm de solos do Norte de Minas Gerais cultivado com cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As parcelas foram compostas por colunas de PVC, preenchidas com solos de Salinas (MG) e Pirapora (MG), e as subparcelas, por 10 profundidades com intervalos de 5 cm (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 e 45-50 cm). No topo das colunas, aplicou-se a dose de 600 g ha -1 i.a sulfentrazone e, 12 horas depois, simulou-se 60 mm de precipitação pluviométrica. Após 72 horas, as colunas foram colocadas na posição horizontal e abertas longitudinalmente, divididas em subseções de 5,0 cm. A avaliação da intoxicação das plantas-teste foi realizada visualmente aos 21 dias após a semeadura destas, posteriormente foi feito o corte da parte aérea das plantas bioindicadoras. Foram observados sintomas de intoxicação do sulfentrazone nas plantas bioindicadoras até 10 cm de profundidade na camada superficial (0-20 cm) e até 15 cm na camada mais profunda (20-40 cm) de ambos os solos. Nas duas camadas de solo o sulfentrazone foi detectado em maior concentração nos primeiros cinco centímetros. Maior mobilidade do herbicida foi verificada na camada mais profunda do solo (20-40 cm) indicando maior potencial de lixiviação do herbicida nestas condições. Palavras-chave: sorção, profundidades, mobilidade Abstract -In view of the intense use of herbicides, coupled with the scarcity of information regarding the residual effect of these compounds in some Brazilian soils, the objective of this study was to evaluate the leaching potential by means of biological assays of the sulfentrazone herbicide in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm of soils of the North of Minas Gerais cultivated with sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in the split -plot scheme, in a completely randomized design. The plots were composed of PVC columns, filled with soils of Salinas (MG) and Pirapora (MG), and the subplots, for 10 depths with intervals of 5 cm (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 and 45-50 cm).
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