Background: Infertility affects 10-15% of couples worldwide with rates steadily increasing in the Industrialized world, in part due to the deterioration of male reproductive health.Methods: This study was performed in an attempt to clarify the associated factors that might play a role in group of Indian infertile men. This study was a cross – sectional descriptive study conducted in Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences. The information was obtained from the men who had attended the clinic from January 2016-January 2017. The factors that were studied in this research are the demographic characteristics, alcohol consumption, smoking, exposure to heavy metals, obesity, stress and history of surgery.Results: In 31.6% of couples, the cause of infertility was pure male factor and in 20.4% of them the problem was related to male and female factor both. The most important associated factors for male factor included history of varicocele operation (24%), alcohol consumption (18%) and cigarette smoking (16%).Conclusions: Male factors play a significant role in up to 50 percent of infertility cases, stressing the need for a logical, stepwise approach to the evaluation of the male partner.

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Background: A relationship between the thyroid gland and the gonads is suggested by far more frequent occurrence of thyroid disorders in women than in men by clinical appearance of goiter during pregnancy, puberty, and menopause. Aim of this study was to determine the association between menstrual irregularities and thyroid dysfunction. To analyse the pattern of menstrual dysfunction among women with a thyroid disorder.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center - obstetrics and gynecology OPD. Over 6 months in the year 2019. 100 women who presented with abnormal uterine bleeding with the below exclusion criteria. Detailed history taking with an emphasis on age, parity, infertility, and menstrual disorders. Evaluation by pelvic examination along with the general physical examination of those with menstrual complaints. Routine investigations like Hb, BT, CT, TLC, DLC, platelet count, and ABO-Rh in all. Then all patients were subjected to estimation of serum T3, T4, TSH with early morning samples.Results: Menorrhagia presents in 39.4% of patients in the normal cohort and 63.6% in the thyroid dysfunction cohort. Hypomenorrhea presents in 4% normal cohort and 9.1% thyroid dysfunction cohort. Hypothyroidism presents in 7.27%, subclinical hypothyroidism in 1.81%, and hyperthyroidism in 0.92% of patients. Amenorrhoea presents in 16.2% of patients of the normal cohort and 9.1% of patients of thyroid dysfunction cohort. No statistical significance between amenorrhoea and thyroid dysfunction.32.3% in the normal cohort and 36.4% in thyroid dysfunction cohort had a bulky uterus. No statistical association exists between thyroid dysfunction and uterine size. In a histopathological examination of the endometrium, 49.5% in the normal cohort and 54.5% thyroid dysfunction cohort reported as proliferative endometrium. Amenorrhoea; the significant association between abnormal uterine bleeding and thyroid disorder (10%).Conclusions: The significant association between abnormal uterine bleeding and thyroid disorder (10%). It brings into focus the increased incidence of hypothyroidism among women with menorrhagia.

Background: Menopause is a biological event characterized by the complexity of factors. On an average one-third of the women’s life consists of the post-menopause years, and health care programs for women do not address concerns beyond reproductive ages. The aim of this study was to describe the magnitude of menopause-related symptoms, the pattern of health care seeking, and associated factors. To assess the prevalence of gynecological disease in post-menopausal women.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center - obstetrics and gynecology OPD. Over a period, months in the year 2019. Stages of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW) revised criteria and nomenclature are used for the ascertainment of menopause and inclusion of the women in the study. It provided a comprehensive basis for staging since there were more complexities on ascertainment of menopause explained. The STRAW criteria are considered as the gold standard for assessing menopausal stages.Results: A total of 600 participants were included in the study. The proportion of women who had at least one menopause-related symptom was 95.95 (95% CI 93.73-97.54) and 58.3% of women had severe symptoms. Severities of symptoms in psychological, physical, vasomotor, and sexual domains were 56.7%, 70.5%, 49.3%, and 10.2% respectively. Premature menopause (p<0.016), induced nature of menopause (p<0.031), dyslipidemia (p<0.006) and other medical condition (p<0.003) were associated with severity of menopausal related symptoms.Conclusions: A high proportion of women are affected by menopause-related symptoms. Care seeking for all symptoms is not uniform, indicative of a lack of knowledge about the treatable nature of many of these symptoms. Sensitization of both women and the health care system may serve to address this issue of menopause-related symptoms and the possibility of treatment for these.

Background: Prediction of fetal weight is one of the methods towards effective management of pregnancy and delivery. Ultrasonography is the standard method to monitor the weight, but in the absence of such facility it becomes difficult particularly in the primary care setting. Clinical methods can be considered as an option and this requires selection of the valid method in deriving the fetal weight. In the present study, an effort is made to compare two different clinical methods and USG and relate to the actual weight of the baby at birth.Methods: One hundred pregnant women satisfying the criteria, consenting for the study were recruited. Both USG and clinical methods were done and estimated the fetal weight. Weight of the baby at birth was measured.Results: All the three methods had significant relationship with the baby weight. Results indicated that estimation of fetal weight by Dare’s formula could predict 69% of the cases correctly followed by Johnson’s method which could predict 61% of the cases correctly. USG predicted 67% of the cases correctly. Percentage error was least with USG and the standard deviation of error was lower with Dare’s formula.Conclusions: It can be concluded that Dare’s formula of clinical methods can be a potential option to be promoted in predicting the fetal weight in the absence of USG facilities. Training in this method is very important and can be an integral part in managing pregnancy during delivery in primary care setting.