The study aimed to assess the determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storage. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred and twenty-five drinking-water samples were collected directly from food outlets' drinking-water storages. Observational checklist was used to assess sanitary risk levels of the storages. Data analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression. Type of primary source of drinking-water, having continuous piped water, type of drinking-water storage equipment, drinking-water storage having a lid/cover, method of drinking-water drawn from the water storages, presence of any method of drinking-water treatment, and having functional hand-washing facility with soap near the toilet were identified as major determinant factors. This study revealed that nearly 30% of the food outlets' drinking-water was not microbiologically safe. As a result, these establishments could be a source of different health problems for their customers. In the study, many determinant factors that affect drinking-water quality of the food outlets were identified. As well, 16.3% and 18.7% of the food outlet drinking-water storages were grouped into high and very high contamination risk levels, respectively. Therefore, the existing regulatory body should force the food outlets to have effective hand-washing practices, clean, suitable drinking-water storage, and to avoid dipping practice.

The study aimed to determine the status of microbial load of drinking water and seasonal variation of water quality. Institution-based longitudinal study was conducted. 1,141 food establishments were divided in to slum and non-slum areas based on their location. Moreover, they were categorized as large and small food establishments. Then, 125 food outlets were selected using a simple random sampling technique. From the selected food outlets, 250 drinking water samples were collected directly from the drinking water storage in the rainy and the dry seasons. Data analysis was conducted using a repeated-measure ANOVA statistical model. The finding indicated that, 26.4% and 10.7% of the food establishments' drinking water was positive for Escherichia coli in the wet and the dry season, respectively. Moreover, 3.2% and 1.6% of the food establishments' drinking water had very high health risk to customers during the wet and the dry season, respectively. The drinking water at the point of use was found to be vulnerable to microbiological contamination and had a serious health risk. Therefore, good sanitation and proper handling of drinking water, and effective drinking water treatment such as disinfection and filtration should be practiced in all food establishments.

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Background: A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa are important nosocomial pathogens in health-care settings. Both are intrinsically resistant to many drugs and are able to become resistant to the virtually most antimicrobial agents. An increasing prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant isolates has been reported in many countries. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional five-year retrospective study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial resistance trend of P. aeruginosa and A. baumani. 893 A. baumani and 729 P. aeruginosa isolates were included in the study. Conventional method was used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. The isolates were from suspected bloodstream infections, wound infections, urinary tract, or surgical site nosocomial infections. Sociodemographic and other variables of interest were collected using a structured check list from a patient record data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 1622 A. baumanii and P. aeruginosa were isolated from various clinical specimens recorded from the year 2017-2021. Out of which A. baumanni was 893 (60.6%) and P. aeruginosa was 729 (39.4%). Blood was the major source of the isolates (18.3%), followed by urine (16%), and tracheal aspirate (10.6%). Antimicrobial resistance among A. baumanni over the five years were; ampicillin (86% to 92%), ceftriaxone (66.7% to 82.2%), and ciprofloxacin (58.5% to 66.7%). In P. aeruginosa a significant increase in resistance was seen from 2017 to 2021 to Amoxicillin-clavulanate (74.1% to 84.2%), chloramphenicol (62% to 81.9%), and gentamicin (40% to 44.8%). Conclusion:A five-year antimicrobial resistance trend analysis of A. baumanni and P. aeruginosa showed increasing multi drug resistance and resistance to highly potent antimicrobial agents in Ethiopia. It should be addressed with infection control measures, surveillance, and alternative new therapeutic strategies to circumvent the spread of multi-drug resistance.

Introduction: Clean and suitable drinking-water is a key component to enhance human health. However, obtaining safe and adequate water is limited in many developing countries. Besides, treated drinking-water are often contaminated at storages and point of use with contaminants and consumption of unclean water poses a great public health problem. This study aimed to assess the determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storages in food establishments of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. 125 food outlets were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Then, 125 drinking-water samples (250 from each) were collected directly from the food outlets drinking-water storages. Moreover, observational checklist was used to assess determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of the storages. Data analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression.Results: This study revealed that, 28.5% of the drinking-water was contaminated with fecal coliforms. Besides, based on WHO criteria, 16.3% and 18.7% of the food outlet drinking-water storages were grouped into high and very high contamination risk levels respectively. Seven (7) explanatory variables were identified as main determinant factors which significantly associated (p-value < 0.03) with the contaminated drinking-water. Conclusion: Most of the food establishments’ drinking-water was free from bacteriological contamination and safe from biological hazards. However, significant number of food establishments’ drinking-water storages had fecal contamination. In the study, many determinant factors that affect drinking-water quality of the food outlets were identified. Therefore, good sanitation and hygiene practice should be practiced at the food establishments. Besides, creation of awareness about drinking water contamination and its health risks should be done by concerned bodies.