Determinants of drinking water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storage in food establishments of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen; Gari, Sirak Robele; Gessew, Gebreab Teklebirhan; Reta, Mulumebet Tadesse

doi:10.2166/washdev.2021.069

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Contaminated water is linked to the transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed drinking water service exposes individuals to preventable health risks [33][34][35]. This is particularly the case in school facilities where both students and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water is contaminated and sanitation and hygiene services are lacking [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2023

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Access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services is the most effective mechanism to reduce many infectious diseases. WASH in schools related to better educational outcomes although adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene services were unavailable to millions of school-age children in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the level of WASH coverage and identify factors affecting access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 82 school facilities. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to gather the data. Water samples were taken from the schools' water storage. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. In this study, 74.7%, 61. 3% and 37.3% of the schools had access to basic drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. Additionally, 21.3%, 29.4%, and 30.7% of the schools had access to limited drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. However, 4%, 9.3%, and 32% of the schools lacked water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. We discovered that schools with male heads were 7% less likely to have access to basic hygiene services (AOR = 0.07 with 95% CI 0.01–0.5) than those with female directors. In addition, schools with hygiene and environmental health clubs had an 11.8-fold higher access rate to basic hygiene services (AOR = 11.8 with 95% CI 1.35–104) than schools without such clubs. Besides, schools that conduct WASH lessons at least once a week were 8.63 times more likely to use basic hygiene services (AOR = 8.63; 95% CI 1.18–63.22) than schools that did not. This study offers scientific evidence that could be used for sound decisions to fill the school WASH gaps. This is a unique study in determining the level of WASH coverage and identifying factors affecting access to basic hygiene services. The investigation provides some insights into how access to WASH services can be improved at the grassroots level. Federal and regional governments should implement effective interventions that assist schools to attain Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030. School administrators and other partner organizations should take proactive measures to enhance and maintain the WASH services.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2023

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“…High water temperature enhances the growth of microorganisms and may also cause taste, odour, colour and corrosion problems (Girmay et al 2021;Price et al 2019). Most pathogens require higher temperature to proliferate in the water (Slavik et al 2020;WHO 2021;Gizachew et al 2020).…”

Section: Physicochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also the reality of most slum households of Ethiopia. Studies also indicated that households' poor drinking water handling and storage practices caused microbial contamination of water (Slavik et al 2020;Girmay et al 2021;Sharma et al 2013). In this regard, it is recommended to inspect drinking water delivery systems from source to mouth and "handling of water at home" is one element.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water in slum households of Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Bekele

Teka

2022

Appl Water Sci

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Drinking water quality and its public health effect are ignored in urban slum households of Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water stored in slum households of Hawassa City, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study was conducted and a total of 120 water samples were collected from 60 households (60 tap, 60 households) to test the quality. Wagtech Potalab + PTW − 1000 was used to test the parameters. Physicochemical parameters—temperature, turbidity, pH and residual free chlorine were measured. Presence of total and faecal coliform bacteria was tested using the Wagtech membrane filtration procedure. Heads of the households were asked about the case of diarrhoeal diseases in any of their family members. Data were statistically analysed and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Paired t test was used to analyse the mean difference between tap and household water samples. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate any significant association between presence of faecal coliform in the water samples and occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases. Eight (13.3%) tap and 28 (46.7%) household water samples were found positive for total coliform; five (8.3%) tap and 19 (31.7%) household water samples were positive for faecal coliform. Eleven (18.3%) household water samples had faecal coliform 10–100 CFU/100 ml, which falls under high-risk category based on WHO standard. The paired t test (p < 0.05) showed significant mean difference between faecal coliform count of the tap and household water samples. The binary logistic regression analysis implied the odds for occurrence of diarrhoeal disease is 17.33 more in households with positive faecal coliform results (p < 0.05). It is concluded that there was a significant level of faecal contamination of drinking water at the household level. Therefore, it is recommended that continuous health education on drinking water handling should be given to slum households.

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“…Studies supported that inappropriate water handling and unhygienic activities contribute to drinking water contamination at the point of Environmental Health Insights use. 7,32,33 Therefore, to maintain water safety, it is essential to have household water treatment, safe water handling, storage practices, and improved hygiene. 29,34 The sanitation service ladder starts from the basic service in the surveillance site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Ladders and Childhood Diarrhea in Haramaya Demographic and Health Surveillance Site, Eastern Ethiopia

Wagari

Girma

Geremew

2022

Environ�Health�Insights

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Background: The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) service ladders are worldwide indicators for monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene elements of the sustainable development goal targets. However, evidence on how the prevalence of childhood diarrhea looks across the service ladders is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between WASH service ladders and the prevalence of childhood diarrhea in Haramaya Demographic and Health Surveillance site, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire, observational checklist, and water quality analysis was conducted on 535 households with children under 5 years of age. Poisson regression with a robust error variance estimator was used to investigate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Results: The prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in the surveillance site was 24.8% (95% CI: 22.3-27.6). The regression model revealed that water and sanitation service ladders were associated with childhood diarrhea. Childhood diarrhea was found to be 73% (APR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12-0.57) less common in families with a basic water service ladder than in households with a surface water service ladder. In addition, children in households with basic sanitation services had 83% (APR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05-0.56) lower diarrhea prevalence than children in households where open defecation was practiced. Conclusion: The present study found that childhood diarrhea differed considerably among WASH service levels and continues to be a serious health problem at the surveillance site. This study also shows that much work is needed to improve WASH services.

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Determinants of drinking water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storage in food establishments of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Factors influencing access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Factors influencing access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water in slum households of Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Ladders and Childhood Diarrhea in Haramaya Demographic and Health Surveillance Site, Eastern Ethiopia

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