The process of activating borrowed vocabulary has become one of the significant phenomena for modern linguistics. This is due to the fact that at the turn of the 20th -21st centuries, the borrowing of lexical units, is one of the main sources of the neogenesis of the language system. Anglicisms that have entered the recipient language entail changes that affect various levels of the language: phonetic, lexical, morphological, etc. Such phenomena are constantly under the scrutiny of linguists. Borrowing is the most important neologization mechanism, which involves updating the structure (primarily in the case of material borrowing) and the language system (in the case of semantic borrowing). During the research on this issue where the process borrowing of a foreign word is studied, we concluded that the main point in this process is the semantic development of a foreign word and that it is necessary to separate the process of adapting a word in the speech from the process of adapting it in a language. This differentiated approach helped to study the borrowing processes in speech and in the language and made it possible to single out issues that have not been studied enough such as the degree of borrowing of a foreign language word in speech and in the language, the signs of these degrees, as well as correlation of these degrees of borrowing with speech and language.
The semantics of linguistic units is not an object of study, but in some cases purely linguistic information is used to support the conclusions of semiotic, textual and intertextual analyses. The term “semantics” is not used in this work in a narrow sense (study of the meanings of linguistic units), but in a more global sense (study of the structure of the meaning of the work as a whole). Thus, the semiotic structure and the textual organization of literary tales, as well as the structure of the links of these works with other texts, are considered to be characteristics of their deep semantic structure. The tale has been studied from different angles. The formation and sources of the fairy tale genre have been studied (Propp 2000), E. Meletinsky (1977, 1995, 2000), folklorists have collected and classified the patterns and types of fairy tales (Aarne, Thompson 1964 ; Delarue, Hold 1957-1977). The historical and anthropological significance of fairy tales was first seriously studied by V. propp (2000) and K. Levi-Strauss (Levi-Strauss, 1973). This theme is developed in the works of N. Belmont (Belmont, 2002), J. Calame-Griaule (Calame-Griaule, 1984), M. Carrin (2002). Fairy tales also attracted the attention of psychologists who studied them from the point of view of psychoanalysis (B. Bettelheim 1960, M. Schneider 1980). The structural and semantic study of the fairy tale in the semiotic aspect was first undertaken by V. propp, laying the foundations of modern narratology (V. propp, 1998). In the 1970s, French philology tended to consider semiotics as a science of meanings: thus, the structural and semantic approach to the literary text involved the isolation of units of meaning at different levels and their analysis. Research in this area was conducted by both domestic (Meletinsky, Novik, Putilov, etc.) and foreign (Greymas, Kurtes, Coquet, Fontanius) scientists. Currently, the discursive study of the fairy tale, which takes into account both the structural (textual) aspect of the fairy tale and its connections with other texts and with the socio-discursive context, is also relevant. However, only a folk story has been so thoroughly studied, while the literary tale has been studied only from the point of view of literature (Kovtun 1999, Lipovetsky 1992, Bakhtin 1979). In recent years, some literary tales have been studied from the linguistic point of view of the text (Adam, Heidmann). The genre of the literary fairy tale, due to the vagueness of its borders, as well as a strong dependence on the individual style of the writer, has not been studied as thoroughly as the tale of folk fairies. Thus, the relevance of the work is determined by the need to study the French literary tale of the twentieth century as a genre, highlighting its inherent structural and semantic characteristics in relation to the folk (popular) tale. The study of specific tales by French writers as unique works is also important and promising.
In modern linguistics, characterized by an anthropocentric approach to the study of the facts of language and marked by particular attention to the pragmatic and discursive potentials of linguistic units of various levels, many questions about phraseological and paremiological units in the speeches remain to be developed. These questions require clarification and classification. These units also include stable sentences with a numerical component. In this article, phraseological and paremiological (PU) units, not previously studied in a comparative aspect, are analyzed. This article examines the problem of the relationship between the etymological meaning and the internal form of idioms containing a numerological component within the framework of a motivational-comparative analysis. The study deals with the study of the internal form of the numerological phraseological units of the English language. The article reveals the etymological meaning of the numeric components in related idiomatic combinations, which seems relevant in filling and further semantic development. The corpus of the research was composed of phraseological units containing a numerical component extracted from the phraseological dictionaries of the languages. The main symbolic sources of the numeral component in English numerological phraseological units have been determined.
Мақалада қазіргі техниканың дамуына байланысты, сонымен қатар ғылым, білім беру салаларының барлығы да компьютер арқылы жүзеге асуына байланысты қолданылатын тілдік бірліктердің көбі компьютерді пайдалануға қатысты сөздер екендігі айтылады. Қазіргі кезде компьютермен жұмыс істеуші қазақтілді қызметкерлердің бәрі орыс тіліндегі сөздер арқылы техникамен жұмыс жасайды. Бұл компьютердің негізгі жұмыс істеу тілін дайын күйінде пайдаланатындығын көрсетеді. Дегенмен, бұлай жалғастыру тіл қолданушылардың лексиконын шұбарлап жатқандығын айғақтайды. Осыны ескере отырып, болашақта компьютер тілін қазақшалау қажет деген ұсыныс бар. Ол үшін бүгіннен бастап, қазақша атауларын қалыптастыру қажет. Мақалада компьютер терминдерінің қазақ тіліндегі терминжасам тәсілдері арқылы жасалған сөздері талқыға салынып, нәтиже шығарылды. Ал халықаралық терминдер сол күйінде қалдырылып, орысша берілген атауларды қазақшалау қажеттігі бүгінгі күн талабынан туындап отырғандығы сөз болды. Тіл білімінде, терминтануда ғалымдар терминжасам тәсілдерін түрліше жіктейді. Бірқатар ғалымдар терминжасам (терминообразование) тәсілдерінің бірінің басын біріктіріп, термин шығармашылығы (терминотворчество) деп атайды. Біз осы пікірдегі ғалымдарды қолдаймыз. Терминдік жүйені жасауда терминжасамның әлемде ең кең тараған төрт түрлі тәсілі пайдаланылады, олар: 1) терминжасам (сөзжасамның түрлі тәсілдерін пайдалану арқылы), терминдену (термин емес сөздердің терминдер қатарына өтуі), 3) қайта терминдену (өзге саланың дайын терминін пайдалану), 4) терминалмасу, халықаралықтандыру (өзге тілдерден дайын терминдерді қабылдап алу т.б. Түйін сөздер: қазақ тілі, жаңа сөздер, компьютер терминдері, терминжасам тәсілдері, сөзжасам, терминтану.
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