Angkak, a fermentation product of rice by Monascus sp., is used for natural food coloring, spices, and medicine by Indonesian people who believe in its pharmacological properties. However, Monascus sp. also produces a secondary metabolite, hepato-nephrotoxic mycotoxin citrinin. The biosynthesis of pigments and citrinin is generated from a tetraketide point in the polyketides pathway. This study aims to detect the levels of citrinin and examine its relationship with the color of angkak in Indonesia. Thirty samples were collected from eight different sites in Indonesia. ELISA method was used to detect the citrinin content. Meanwhile, the color analysis was based on the CIE L*a*b* system and the measurement of its pigments was conducted using spectrophotometer UV-vis. All samples were grown on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) media. Mold contamination was found, ranging from 1.67% to 85.33%. The results of citrinin content measurement of the angkak ranged from 17.94 ppm to 142.74 ppm. The color measurement showed that the angkak color was various, from bright red (L* 44.78, a* 21.54, b* 8.67) to very dark red (L* 35.62, a* 17.32, b* 5.43). The ethanol-soluble yellow (OD400) and red (OD500) pigment contents were in the ranges of 83.80 AU/g to 306.52 AU/g and 100.86 AU/g to 318.18 AU/g, respectively. However, based on the Pearson correlation analysis, there was no correlation between the citrinin content and the color value of angkak.

Yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly found in tempeh and has been studied separately. However, comprehensive study on population dynamics of yeasts and LAB during tempeh production, including the effect of the difference tempeh production methods has not been reported. This research was aimed in studying the effect of different methods of tempeh production applied in tempeh home industry on the dynamics of yeast and LAB communities. Population dynamics was expressed as both changes of colony number and its phylotype. Samples were obtained from five stages and from two different methods of tempeh production. Observations were carried out employing colony counting on selective media followed by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP). The study indicated that the population of yeasts and LAB during tempeh production were dynamic and different between these methods. Tempeh production methods affected the presence of yeasts and LAB population as indicated by difference in colony number, the number and diversity of phylotype, as well as number of specific phylotypes grew on plates

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Purpose Service quality and satisfaction in the ODL setting related to students’ accomplishments (performance, loyalty and career) were reconsidered. It was aimed at exposing the moderating role of satisfaction on service quality and accomplishment. It was also of interest to scrutinize how, in what routines determinants engaged interdepended. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study utilized an exploratory design. It was qualitatively identified first that service quality included tangible, empathy, assurance, reliability, responsiveness and referral factors. It preceded to satisfaction (perceived from academic, operational and managerial attitudes). Satisfaction led to accomplishment. Quantitatively, service quality, satisfaction and accomplishment were identified as independent, moderating, and dependent variables, respectively. Respondents, 500 Universitas Terbuka graduates, were randomly pursued to accumulate data by a survey. Methodically, importance-performance analysis (IPA) and customer-satisfaction index (CSI) were used to figure out satisfaction and their importance degree. Nine hypotheses were developed and examined using structural-equation modeling to visualize the loading factors. Findings Replies from 163 respondents were completed. Seven of nine hypotheses were validated. It was distinguished that reliability influencing satisfaction, they were empathy, assurance and responsiveness; excluding tangible and referral. Satisfaction influenced performance, career, and loyalty. IPA-CSI analysis recognized 15 (of 21) attributes as the pillars of service quality. Originality/value Despite the qualitative framework was improperly approved by quantitative procedure, they were methodically reliable. It was supported by the fact that nine cut-off values of goodness-of-fit requirements harmonized. Additional inquiry is therefore required to tail off variances by integrating a more appropriate approach, amplifying theoretical coverage, and/or extending population/sample size.

The use of fungi is known to be an eco-friendly and cost-competitive approach to degrade synthetic dyes such as Congo Red (CR) in industrial effluents. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of dark septate endophytes (DSE) fungi in decolourizing CR synthetic dyes. Two DSE strains, namely CPP and KSP, were studied to decolourize 50 mgL−1 CR based on the capability to produce the ligninolytic enzyme, dye decolourization efficiency, decolourization index, and fungal dry biomass weight after 7 and 14 days of incubation. CR decolourization was monitored spectrophotometry at 495 nm. The result indicated that CPP and KSP were successfully decolourized CR dye up to 97.00% and 85.00%, respectively, with decolourization index of 1.37 and 1.36 within 14 days. There is no significant difference in DSE growth with and without the addition of CR dye. In addition, these two DSE fungi (CPP and KSP) are able to produce ligninolytic enzymes. The results indicated that the DSE are potential to be used as decolourization agents for azo synthetic dyes. This is the first report on the ability of DSE to decolourize azo synthetic dyes.

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Previous studies regarding endophytic fungi associated with Cinchona were focused on the analysis of quinine and related fungal metabolites. In the current study, the community structure of culturable endophytic fungi associated with C. calisaya (i.e., leaf, petiole, twig, root, flower, and fruit) were analyzed and elucidated. Representative isolates from various morphotypes were identified based on a sequence generated from the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA region. A total of 638 fungal strains were isolated from 700 plant segments. All isolates belong to the phylum Ascomycota and are dominated by a member of Sordariomycetes. The fungal endophyte community within C. calisaya consists of 23 known species, 10 species complexes, and 6 unidentified species. Based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the leaves and fruits host the most diverse endophytic fungi, followed by twigs, petioles, and bark. Members of the genus Diaporthe are commonly found in all C. calisaya organs. Neofussicoccum sp. was only one found within twigs; the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex and Guignardia mangiferae were only found within leaves; the C. brasiliense complex was detected in flowers; and Fusarium oxysporum is specific to roots.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the origins of providing quality satisfied open educational resources (QS-OER) related to Making Indonesia 4.0. It was aimed at exploring plausible determinants perceived by faculty. It was also of interest to reveal how, in what routines associated factors were interrelated. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory design was used. A conceptual framework was first established through a literature review and focus group discussion. Conceptually, QS-OER included presage, pattern, process, product, practicability, prospective and power (7Ps). QS-OER had direct effects on hard, soft, social and life skills (4Ss). The operational framework was then established with 7Ps, QS-OER and 4Ss as independent, moderating and dependent variables, respectively. The population of 631 from Universitas Terbuka faculty was included in the study. Respondents were randomly chosen to accumulate data through a survey. Methodically, importance–performance analysis (IPA) and customer-satisfaction index (CSI) were emulated to measure satisfaction level and importance degree. Eleven hypotheses were assessed under structural equation modeling. Findings Seven hypotheses were validated following 211 returned responses from respondents. Product was the most influential factor to QS-OER, followed by power, practicability, pattern and prospective, whereas presage and process were excluded. QS-OER influenced hard and soft skills, but social and life skills were excluded. IPA-CSI chart identified 21 (of 32) attributes as the pillars of QS-OER. Originality/value The quantitative framework was statistically dependable despite two of nine cut-off values that are slightly below the goodness-of-fit criteria. The study recognized the variance of qualitative versus quantitative results. Further inquiry is vital to diminish divergence by incorporating more relevant methods, augmenting theoretical exposures and/or enlarging sample size/population.