This chapter deals with the effects of different pesticides used in agro-ecosystem on honey bees and other pollinators and probable measures to manage this escalating problem of global decline of managed as well as the wild insect pollinators. This chapter describes different routes from which pollinators, especially honey bees get exposed to the different toxicants, followed by poisoning symptoms in honey bees. Further, this chapter focuses on the classification of different toxicants in different classes as per their nature. Finally, the management of these different toxicants and their toxicity to avoid bee poisoning has been considered in the later portion of the chapter.

Distal arthrogryposis syndromes (DAs) show wide clinical variability and overlapping clinical findings with the other DAs classified by Bamshad et al. [1996]. Most of the DAs are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders. DA type 5D is a subtype of DA type 5 inherited as autosomal recessive disorder, clinically characterized by congenital distal joint contractures, knee extension contractures, congenital hip dislocation, club foot, ptosis and other eye findings, furrowed tongue, and scoliosis. Here, we report on a family with clinical features of DA type 5D with novel mutations in the ECEL1 gene.

Eastern Himalaya and northeastern India are part of two global biodiversity hotspots, yet the critical butterfly-plant associations and early stages of most butterfly species in this region are poorly recorded.  We have reported early stages and larval host plants of 78 butterfly species, some of which are rare and endemic, providing specific information on spatial and temporal details associated with these records.  These records contribute region-specific information on Indian butterflies, which may be useful in basic ecological and conservation studies in the future.

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