This study aims to explain the current findings of digital literacy in formal online education. The methods of research is a type of library description  obtained from relevant scientific articles obtained from internet search media library engines: proquest, researchgate, google scholar and other search engines with keyword search "digital literacy" to find the publication of related scientific papers / relevant to the topic. Then the 41 articles found (listed in the references) are studied and then explained from the author's perspective. Digital literacy is multi-dimensional, built by multi construct hypotesis. In the previous research found a higher level of digital literacy that was positively related to the output of learning outcomes in the subjects studied. Online learners  feel anxious because they do not understand and are accustomed to online classes, especially for those who have limited computer skills. Most importantly, independent students get the final grade of the program far better than non-independent students. The best predictor of academic success, measured by the final grades, namely components of academic skills, reading and writing abilities. Higher levels of digital literacy positively affected the high output of learning outcomes to student academic performance.

Despite the many benefits of virtual distance learning (online), in its course distance education still has many problems. Educators and managers try to continue to improve the quality of teaching and the struggle of online class facilitators to improve the quality of distance education, but it is discovered that online class data is not the student's first choice. The results show that one of the problems in online education comes from the drop out / failure rate of students which is more common in virtual classrooms compared to traditional classes. Other studies reveal several factors such as the time needed to complete the module, lack of understanding of the context in the subject matter, problems with software accessibility, availability of reliable teachers, lack of support from the government and other reasons can create a decrease in motivation and a less conducive learning atmosphere.Abstrak : Meskipun banyak keutamaan m anfaat dari pembelajaran jarak jauh secara virtual (online), di dalam perjalanannya pendidikan jarak jauh masih memiliki banyak masalah. Para pendidik dan pengelola b erusaha untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas pengajaran dan perjuangan fasilitator kelas online untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan jarak jauh, tetapi didapatkan fakta data kelas online bukanlah pilihan pertama pelajar. Hasil pen elitian menunjukkan bahwa salah satu masalah dalam pendidikan online berasal d ari tingkat drop out/kegagalan siswa yang lebih ban yak terjadi d alam kelas virtual dibandingkan dengan kelas tradisional. Studi lainnya mengungkapkan beberapa faktor seperti waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan modul, kurangnya pemahaman konteks dalam materi pelajaran, masalah dengan aksesibilitas software, ketersediaan guru yang handal, kurangnya dukungan dari pemerintah dan alasan lainnya dapat men ciptakan penurunan motivasi dan atmosfer belajar yang kurang kondusif. Kata kunci : Online, Jarak Jauh, Pendidikan, Kegagalan. PendahuluanPendidikan formal jarak jauh telah dipelajari oleh banyak peneliti dari berbagai sudut pandang, terutama dari sudut pandang pedagogis. Meskipun banyak keutamaan manfaat dari pendidikan model modern seperti ini, di dalam perjalanannya pendidikan jarak jauh masih memiliki banyak masalah. Para pendidik dan pengelola berusaha untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas pengajaran dan perjuangan fasilitator kelas online untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan

Soccer is the most well known and a phenomenal sport in the world, with around 270 million players registered to this game (FIFA, 2015). Soccer has already attracted attention either sport scientist and government from many countries to promote the benefit of active physical activity and also maintained people’s health, including the minorities and poorest. (Hammami et al, 2016; Milanovic et al., 2015; Parnell et al., 2016). Furthermore, this sport can be used to support the health public program in order to prevent chronic diseases due to cause lack of physical activity (Krustrup et al., 2010).Quality food choices and adequate nutrition nutrient are important for supporting training program and enhancing the physical performance of professional athletes. Macronutrients provide the metabolic substrates necessary for producing the chemical energy required for skeletal muscle contraction and cardiovascular physiology, while the micronutrients help the metabolic reactions involved in energy production and gas transport in the circulation. Soccer is a sport requiring for both aerobic dominant and also anaerobic energy. It needs the players to exercise repetitively at high intensities using large muscle groups for periods of several seconds to several minutes for the full match (90 min) plus added time. Metabolically, athletes depend to a certain extent on their endogenous glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscles. Besides from genetic factor, talent and the effort of training, it has been acknowledged that no single factor plays a bigger role in maximaxing physical performance than dietary plan.This Review article was made to show the important role of carbohydrate and dietary fiber in the aspect of soccer game, resumed from scientific articles especially from Europe/USA where soccer was more advanced there. The writer hoped that this article written and published at Indonesia can be used to developed sport science and sport medicine for his beloved country.

Permainan sepakbola dicirikan dengan pola aktivitas yang berubah-ubah, olahraga dengan durasi yang panjang dengan intensitas yang tinggi dan aksi yang eksplosif seperti melakukan akselarasi, deakselarasi, merubah arah, melompat, dan menjegal yang tentunya memerlukan kerja yang tinggi dari daya tubuh. Di dalam pertandingan kebutuhan energi sangat tinggi, dipenuhi dengan metabolisme aerob dan anaerob, yang mana perlu dibarengi dengan asupan nutrisi berkualitas dalam bentuk mikronutrisi khususnya asupan/pemaparan vitamin D untuk pemain agar dapat menunjang dan menjaga performa permainan dari seorang pemain, terlebih pada level sepakbola elit. Vitamin D sendiri adalah suatu prekursor hormon yang memiliki peranan penting di dalam menjaga kesehatan tulang dan fungsi imunitas. Penemuan reseptor vitamin D pada sel otot rangka manusia telah membawa para ilmuwan fisiologi otot untuk menemukan peranan penting vitamin D dalam meregulasikan sintesis protein dan fungsi otot. Pada atlit sepakbola elit, terdapat kebutuhan konstan vitamin D di dalam memaksimalkan sintesis protein untuk memenuhi kebutuhan fisik dari latihan harian. Selain dari pemaparan sinar matahari vitamin D pun dapat didapatkan dari sumber makanan yang mengandung nutrisi ini (hewani dan nabati).Soccer was characterized with activity that changed periodically during the game, this sport has long duration and with high intensity dan explosive action like doing acceleration, deacceleration, changing direction, jumping, and tackling. Of course in order to doing that this sport needs high rate of physical performance of the players. In the match, energy requirements is very high, fulfill by aerob metabolism and anaerob, to help the metabolism regulation, micronutrien intake especially vitamin D intake/exposure for the players to support and maintain performance of soccer players, especially in the elite level. Vitamin D is a hormonal precursor that hold an important role to maintain bone health and imunity function. The discovery of vitamin D receptor in human skeletal’s cells made attention to Muscle Physiologyst in order to find a way how vitamin D regulated protein synsthesis and muscle function. For soccer elite athletes, there’s constant needs of vitamin D to built synthesis protein in order to support the physical requirements from daily training. Besides sunlight exposure, vitamin D can be acquired from dietary foods that contain this vitamin (animal and plant source).Soccer was characterized with activity that changed periodically during the game, this sport has long duration and with high intensity dan explosive action like doing acceleration, deacceleration, changing direction, jumping, and tackling. Of course in order to doing that this sport needs high rate of physical performance of the players. In the match, energy requirements is very high, fulfill by aerob metabolism and anaerob, to help the metabolism regulation, micronutrien intake especially vitamin D intake/exposure for the players to support and maintain performance of soccer players, especially in the elite level. Vitamin D is a hormonal precursor that hold an important role to maintain bone health and imunity function. The discovery of vitamin D receptor in human skeletal’s cells made attention to Muscle Physiologyst in order to find a way how vitamin D regulated protein synsthesis and muscle function. For soccer elite athletes, there’s constant needs of vitamin D to built synthesis protein in order to support the physical requirements from daily training. Besides sunlight exposure, vitamin D can be acquired from dietary foods that contain this vitamin (animal and plant source).

AbstrakFaktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap pemain bola salah satunya adalah ketinggian yang terbukti memiliki dampak kepada fisiologis pemain sepakbola yang ditandai penurunan performa aspek teknis di dalam kondisi lingkungan ini. Hal ini dapat terjadi baik di level sepakbola kompetitif maupun non kompetitif dari sebuah pertandingan sepakbola. Fakta telah menjelaskan ketinggian dapat mempengaruhi kecepatan tinggi lari, dikarenakan penurunan tekanan parsial oksigen, sistem metabolime pun ikut terjadi perubahan negatif, dapat terjadi dikarenakan penurunan produksi dari adenosine triphosphate (ATP) di dataran yang lebih tinggi, dan mempengaruhi sistem lain di dalam tubuh berujung pada penurunan performa. Pada artikel review ini menjelaskan variabel ketinggian dengan mengumpulkan paper ilmiah yang up to date terkait sport science di bidang ketinggian dan di dalamnya akan dibahas terkait dampak yang dapat ditimbulkan faktor lingkungan berupa ketinggian yang dapat mempengaruhi keadaan pemain serta merubah jalannya pertandingan sepakbola dan beroutput terhadap hasil pertandingan. Kata kunci: sepakbola; lingkungan; fisiologi; ketinggian. Abstract [SOCCER IN THE ALTITUDE: LITERATURE REVIEW]This environmental factors can be influencing of soccer players, one of them is altitude factor that can have impact to the physiology of soccer players mark by declining technical performance. This can be happen both competitive or non competitive match of soccer. It also show the multiple effect beside decrease at speed, due to decline of partial oxygen, it also affect negative to metabolism system, because of reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at higher altitude and another system as well that lead to decrement in performance.In this review article explain altitude by collecting up to date paper information of altitude sport science and important data inside, it also inform us to know the impact factor that altitude provide to the players. That can change the way of the game and the match outcome.