The collection of user attributes by service providers is a double-edged sword. They are instrumental in driving statistical analysis to train more accurate predictive models like recommenders. The analysis of the collected user data includes frequency estimation for categorical attributes. Nonetheless, the users deserve privacy guarantees against inadvertent identity disclosures. Therefore algorithms called frequency oracles were developed to randomize or perturb user attributes and estimate the frequencies of their values. We propose Sarve, a frequency oracle that used Randomized Aggregatable Privacy-Preserving Ordinal Response (RAPPOR) and Hadamard Response (HR) for randomization in combination with fake data. The design of a service-oriented architecture must consider two types of complexities, namely computational and communication. The functions of such systems aim to minimize the two complexities and therefore, the choice of privacy-enhancing methods must be a calculated decision. The variant of RAPPOR we had used was realized through bloom filters. A bloom filter is a memory-efficient data structure that offers time complexity of O(1). On the other hand, HR has been proven to give the best communication costs of the order of log(b) for b-bits communication. Therefore, Sarve is a step towards frequency oracles that exhibit how privacy provisions of existing methods can be combined with those of fake data to achieve statistical results comparable to the original data. Sarve also implemented an adaptive solution enhanced from the work of Arcolezi et al. The use of RAPPOR was found to provide better privacy-utility tradeoffs for specific privacy budgets in both high and general privacy regimes.
Aim and Background: The application of novel deep learning technique of capsule networks for device behavior fingerprinting. Device behavior fingerprinting emerged as an important means to characterize the network behavior of connected devices due to the dynamic nature of smart systems. The study of device behavior fingerprinting strategies gave us an insight into the strengths and weaknesses of different machine learning techniques. It also led us to some research questions that we incorporated in the proposed framework. Firstly, we explored the means to improve the efficiency of passive device fingerprinting techniques. Secondly, we needed to address the privacy concerns that arise from creation and maintenance of device fingerprints Objective: To our best knowledge, this is the first time that device fingerprints had been generated in the form of images. The use of device fingerprints in image form best utilized the object recognition capabilities of capsule networks. Method: We designed a novel method to classify and save the network behaviour of IoT devices that are connected to a network. The proposed model was based on a two-fold innovation of generation of unique images based on packet parameters of device transmissions, and the design of a model that could carry out efficient and accurate classification of device vendors based on their network behavior. Results and Conclusion: The generation of unique images offered a big advantage of saving the memory of the system. While a packet capture file may take around 150kb or more, the generated images were as small as the order of 2kb. For a smart system made up of thousands of devices, the order of memory space saved would become significant. Furthermore, since the algorithm of image generation could be customized by the network administrators, the images cannot be reverse- engineered by potential attackers, thereby assuring a secure way to save device behaviour fingerprints. The developed model was compiled over 500 epochs that roughly translated to 100 minutes and gave the accuracy of the order of 92%.This was the first time that device network behaviour has been translated into an image and tested through classification using capsule networks. The translation of captured packet flows to black and white images not only saved on memory space but also provided safeguard against reverse engineering by potential attackers. There is a vast scope to further use of this strategy to develop more complex device fingerprinting methods.
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