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The NDM approach has been used to improve performance through revisions of military doctrine, training that is focused on decision requirements, and the development of information technologies to support decision making and related cognitive functions.

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We review the progress of naturalistic decision making (NDM) in the decade since the ®rst conference on the subject in 1989. After setting out a brief history of NDM we identify its essential characteristics and consider ®ve of its main contributions: recognition-primed decisions, coping with uncertainty, team decision making, decision errors, and methodology. NDM helped identify important areas of inquiry previously neglected (e.g. the use of expertise in sizing up situations and generating options), it introduced new models, conceptualizations, and methods, and recruited applied investigators into the ®eld. Above all, NDM contributed a new perspective on how decisions (broadly de®ned as committing oneself to a certain course of action) are made. NDM still faces signi®cant challenges, including improvement of the quantity and rigor of its empirical research, and con®rming the validity of its prescriptive models.