The associations suggest that replacing SFAs with PUFAs rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes.

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OBJECTIVE -We assessed the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in people following different types of vegetarian diets compared with that in nonvegetarians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Background: Few epidemiologic studies of dietary fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease have compared fiber types (cereal, fruit, and vegetable) or included sex-specific results. The purpose of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of dietary fiber and its subtypes and risk of coronary heart disease. Methods:We analyzed the original data from 10 prospective cohort studies from the United States and Europe to estimate the association between dietary fiber intake and the risk of coronary heart disease.Results: Over 6 to 10 years of follow-up, 5249 incident total coronary cases and 2011 coronary deaths occurred among 91058 men and 245186 women. After adjustment for demographics, body mass index, and lifestyle factors, each 10-g/d increment of energy-adjusted and measure-ment error-corrected total dietary fiber was associated with a 14% (relative risk [RR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.96) decrease in risk of all coronary events and a 27% (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.87) decrease in risk of coronary death. For cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake (not error corrected), RRs corresponding to 10-g/d increments were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.77-1.07), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70-0.99), and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.88-1.13), respectively, for all coronary events and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63-0.91), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.55-0.89), and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.82-1.23), respectively, for deaths. Results were similar for men and women.Conclusion: Consumption of dietary fiber from cereals and fruits is inversely associated with risk of coronary heart disease.

Higher consumption of milk and calcium is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.

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We combined data from 5 prospective studies to compare the death rates from common diseases of vegetarians with those of nonvegetarians with similar lifestyles. A summary of these results was reported previously; we report here more details of the findings. Data for 76172 men and women were available. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27808). Death rate ratios at ages 16-89 y were calculated by Poisson regression and all results were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of effect for all studies combined. There were 8330 deaths after a mean of 10.6 y of follow-up. Mortality from ischemic heart disease was 24% lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians (death rate ratio: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.94; P<0.01). The lower mortality from ischemic heart disease among vegetarians was greater at younger ages and was restricted to those who had followed their current diet for >5 y. Further categorization of diets showed that, in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 20% lower in occasional meat eaters, 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat, 34% lower in lactoovovegetarians, and 26% lower in vegans. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined.

Dietary and lifestyle characteristics were evaluated in relation to subsequent prostatic cancer risk in a cohort of approximately 14,000 Seventh-day Adventist men who completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire in 1976 and who were monitored for cancer incidence until the end of 1982. During the 6-year follow-up period, 180 histologically confirmed prostatic cancers were detected among some 78,000 man-years of follow-up. Increasing educational attainment was associated with significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer in this study; age at first marriage was also inversely associated with risk, although this was not significant. There was no relationship between body mass index (as measured by Quetelet's Index) and risk. A history of prostate '%rouble" was associated with a 60% increase in risk which was highly significant.Although there were suggestive relationships between increasing animal product consumption and increased risk, these results did not persist after accounting for the influence of fruit and vegetable consumption. Nor was exposure to the vegetarian lifestyle during the childhood years associated with alterations in subsequent risk. However, increasing consumption of beans, lentils and peas, tomatoes, raisin, dates, and other dried fruit were all associated with significantly decreased prostate cancer risk.Cancer 64:598-604, 1989.ANCER OF THE PROSTATE is the second most Corn-C mon malignancy among men in the United States, ranking only behind lung cancer. Among men, 20% of all newly diagnosed cancers are prostatic cancer and they comprise 1 1 % of all male cancer deaths. Incidence rates have been increasing during the last several decades.' Various factors have been investigated in regard to the etiology of this cancer including socioeconomic status, sexual activity, marital status, venereal disease, and race. The incidence rates for blacks in the United States are the highest recorded in the world. Dietary habits have also been related to this cancer by some investigators. Diets rich in animal fat appear to be associated with increased risk for prostatic cancer. In ecologic studies there is a strong positive correlation between dietary fat consumption and prostatic cancer incidence worldwide.* Within the US prostatic cancer mortality rates are highest in counties with the highest fat consumption.' Also, prostatic cancer is increasing in Japan which is experiencing From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Lorna Linda University increases in fat consumption. The migrant studies of Japanese (and Polish) in the US also support some of the hypotheses relating dietary practices common to the western diet to the etiology of prostate cancer.Previous studies among Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians have found lower rates for prostate cancer4 as compared to other white men in California. Fatal prostate cancer risk among Adventists has been associated with increasing milk consumption and over~eight.~ Hirayama has provided evidence that men who eat green and yellow vegetables on a daily basis have low...