A representative sample of 2,004 adult women were interviewed about victimization experiences and mental health problems. After classification of the women into victimization groups, the occurrence of three mental health problems was compared across type of crime. Rates of "nervous breakdowns," suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts were significantly higher for crime victims than for nonvictims. Victims of attempted rape, completed rape, and attempted sexual molestation had problems more frequently than did victims of attempted robbery, completed robbery, aggravated assault, or completed molestation. Problems were not mediated by income and were affected only marginally by age and race. Nearly one rape victim in five (19.2%) had attempted suicide, whereas only 2.2% of nonvictims had done so. Most sexual assault victims' mental health problems came after their victimization. Findings suggest that crime victims are at risk for the development of major mental health problems, some of which are life threatening in nature.

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A theoretical and experimental study of the dense-spray region of pressure-atomized nonevaporating sprays is described, emphasizing flows in the wind-induced and atomization breakup regimes. Mean and fluctuating velocities at the injector exit, mean liquid volume fraction distributions, and entrainment rates were measured for large-scale (9.5 and 19.1 mm injector diameters) water jets in still air at atmospheric pressure. It was found that mixing was strongly influenced by the degree of flow development at the injector exit and the breakup regime: fully developed injector flow and atomization breakup yielded the fastest mixing rates. Predictions based on the locally homogeneous flow approximation, where relative velocities between the phases were neglected, gave encouraging predictions of dense-spray properties in the near-injector region for atomization breakup, including representation of flow development effects at the injector exit. Subscripts c = centerline value / = liquid-phase property g = gas-phase property 9 = injector exit condition Superscripts (")»(")' = time-averaged mean and rms fluctuating quantities ("),(") = Favre-averaged mean and rms fluctuating quantities

The dense-spray region of pressure-atomized nonevaporating sprays was studied, emphasizing the properties of the multiphase mixing layer that surrounds the liquid core during atomization breakup. The dispersed-phase properties of a large-scale (9.5-mm injector diameter) water jet injected vertically downward in still air were measured using single-and double-pulse holography for both fully developed and slug flow jet exit conditions. The inner portion of the mixing layer contained large irregularly shaped liquid elements and drops, and the proportion of spherical drops increased and drop sizes decreased with increasing radial distance. For present test conditions, the liquid core and the large liquid elements cause mean liquid volume fractions to be high near the axis; however, the gas-containing region was relatively dilute at each instant. Additionally, the velocities of large drops were generally much larger than small drops and predictions based on the locally homogeneous flow approximation, providing direct evidence of significant separated-flow effects in the flow. Finally, the degree of flow development at the jet exit had a substantial effect on the structure of the mixing layer, with increased turbulence levels increasing the number and size of large irregular liquid elements through distortion of the surface of the liquid core-enhancing rates of removal of liquid from the core. 7 g k L Oh Re r u U P v We, w X OL e P a Subscripts c f g o 00 Nomenclature = injector diameter = maximum and minimum diameters of liquid elements = drop or liquid element effective diameter = drop or liquid element effective ellipticity = mixture fraction = liquid flux = turbulence kinetic energy = injector passage length = Ohnesorge number, = ^f/(pfdo) l/2 = Reynolds number, p f u 0 d/^f -radial distance = streamwise fluid velocity = streamwise drop velocity = radial fluid velocity = Weber number based on density of phase /, = tangential fluid velocity = streamwise distance = volume fraction = rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy = molecular viscosity = density = surface tension = generic property = centerline value = liquid-phase property = gas-phase property = injector exit condition = ambient property Presented as Paper 89-0050 at

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