Electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 provides an alternative to the Haber−Bosch process for sustainable, distributed production of NH3 when powered by renewable electricity. However, the development of such process has been impeded by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts for N2 reduction. Here we report efficient electroreduction of N2 to NH3 on palladium nanoparticles in phosphate buffer solution under ambient conditions, which exhibits high activity and selectivity with an NH3 yield rate of ~4.5 μg mg−1Pd h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 8.2% at 0.1 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (corresponding to a low overpotential of 56 mV), outperforming other catalysts including gold and platinum. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the unique activity of palladium originates from its balanced hydrogen evolution activity and the Grotthuss-like hydride transfer mechanism on α-palladium hydride that lowers the free energy barrier of N2 hydrogenation to *N2H, the rate-limiting step for NH3 electrosynthesis.

Electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 under ambient conditions can provide an alternative to the Haber–Bosch process for distributed NH3 production that can be powered by renewable electricity. The major challenge for realizing such a process is to develop efficient electrocatalysts for the N2 reduction reaction (N2RR), as typical catalysts show a low activity and selectivity due to the barrier for N2 activation and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here we report an Fe/Fe3O4 catalyst for ambient electrochemical NH3 synthesis, which was prepared by oxidizing an Fe foil at 300 °C followed by in situ electrochemical reduction. The Fe/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits a Faradaic efficiency of 8.29% for NH3 production at −0.3 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode in phosphate buffer solution, which is around 120 times higher than that of the original Fe foil. The high selectivity is enabled by an enhancement of the intrinsic (surface-area-normalized) N2RR activity by up to 9-fold as well as an effective suppression of the HER activity. The N2RR selectivity of the Fe/Fe3O4 catalyst is also higher than that of Fe, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles, suggesting Fe/Fe oxide composite to be an efficient catalyst for ambient electrochemical NH3 synthesis.

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Much of the interest in noble metal nanoparticles is due to their plasmonic resonance responses and local field enhancement, both of which can be tuned through the size and shape of the particles. However, both properties suffer from the loss of monodispersity that is frequently associated with various morphologies of nanoparticles. Here we show a method to generate diverse and monodisperse anisotropic gold nanoparticle shapes with various tip geometries as well as highly tunable size augmentations through either oxidative etching or seed-mediated growth of purified, monodisperse gold bipyramids. The conditions employed in the etching and growth processes also offer valuable insights into the growth mechanism difficult to realize with other gold nanostructures. The high-index facets and more complicated structure of the bipyramid lead to a wider variety of intriguing regrowth structures than in previously studied nanoparticles. Our results introduce a class of gold bipyramid-based nanoparticles with interesting and potentially useful features to the toolbox of gold nanoparticles.

We report the construction of periodic DNA nanoribbons (DNRs) by a modified DNA origami method. Unlike the conventional DNA origami, the DNR scaffold is a long, single-stranded DNA of tandem repeats, originating from the rolling circular amplification (RCA). Consequently, the number of folding staple strands tremendously decreases from hundreds to a few, which makes the DNR production scalable and cost-effective, thus potentially removing the barrier for practical applications of DNA nanostructures. Moreover, the co-replicational synthesis of scaffold and staple strands by RCA-based enzymatic reactions allows the generation of DNRs in one pot, further reducing the cost. Due to their unique periodicity, rigidity, and high aspect ratio, DNRs are efficiently internalized into cells and escape from endosomal entrapment, making them potential nanocarriers for imaging agents and biological therapeutics. We demonstrated proof-of-concept applications of DNRs as an intracellular pH sensor and an efficient small interfering RNA delivery vehicle in human cancer cells.

Carbon nitride films (CNx films) were deposited on Si(100) substrates by the electrolysis of methanol–urea solution at high voltage, atmospheric pressure, and low temperature. The microstructure and morphology of the resulting CNx films were analysed by means of Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy. The tribological properties of the CNx films were examined on an UMT-2MT friction and wear test rig. The Raman spectrum showed two characteristic bands: a graphite G band and a disordered D band of carbon, which suggested the presence of an amorphous carbon matrix. XPS and FTIR measurements suggested the existence of both single and double carbon-nitride bonds in the film and the hydrogenation of the carbon nitride phase. The XRD spectrum showed various peaks of different d values, which could confirm the existence of the polycrystalline carbon nitride phase. The hydrogenated CNx films were compact and uniform, with a root mean square roughness of about 18 nm. The films showed excellent friction-reduction and wear-resistance, with the friction coefficient in the stable phase being about 0.08. In addition, the growth mechanism of the CNx films in liquid phase electro-deposition was discussed as well. It was assumed that the molecules of CH3OH and CO(NH2)2 were polarized under high electric field, and the CNx film was formed on the substrate through the reaction of the –CH3 and –NH2 groups on the cathode.

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