Protein C (PC) plays an important role in vascular function, and acquired deficiency during sepsis is associated with increased mortality in both animal models and in clinical studies. This study explored the consequences of PC suppression on the kidney in a cecal ligation and puncture model of polymicrobial sepsis. This study shows that a rapid drop in PC after sepsis is strongly associated with an increase in blood urea nitrogen, renal pathology, and expression of known markers of renal injury, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, CXCL1, and CXCL2. The endothelial PC receptor, which is required for the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activity of activated PC (APC), was significantly increased after cecal ligation and puncture as well as in the microvasculature of human kidneys after injury. Treatment of septic animals with APC reduced blood urea nitrogen, renal pathology, and chemokine expression and dramatically reduced the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and caspase-3 activation in the kidney. The data demonstrate a clear link between acquired PC deficiency and renal dysfunction in sepsis and suggest a compensatory upregulation of the signaling receptor. Moreover, these data suggest that APC treatment may be effective in reducing inflammatory and apoptotic insult during sepsis-induced acute renal failure.

The data from this study indicate that an early decrease in protein C concentration predicts poor outcome in a rat sepsis model. The data further indicate that increases in the CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and KC precede poor outcome.

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Hyperglycemia is associated with greater morbidity and mortality in sepsis. Insulin therapy significantly improved survival suggesting that management of hyperglycemia with insulin may improve outcome in septic patients.

The protein C (PC) pathway plays an important role in vascular and immune function, and acquired deficiency during sepsis is associated with increased mortality in both animal models and in clinical studies. However, the association of acquired PC deficiency with the pathophysiology of lung injury is unclear. We hypothesized that low PC induced by sepsis would associate with increased pulmonary injury and that replacement with activated protein C (APC) would reverse the activation of pathways associated with injury. Using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis, we examined the role of acquired PC deficiency on acute lung injury assessed by analyzing changes in pulmonary pathology, chemokine response, inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and the angiotensin pathway. Acquired PC deficiency was strongly associated with an increase in lung inflammation and drivers of pulmonary injury, including angiotensin (Ang) II, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and iNOS. In contrast, the protective factor angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 was significantly suppressed in animals with acquired PC deficiency. The endothelial protein C receptor, required for the cytoprotective signaling of APC, was significantly increased post-CLP, suggesting a compensatory up-regulation of the signaling receptor. Treatment of septic animals with APC reduced pulmonary pathology, suppressed the macrophage inflammatory protein family chemokine response, iNOS expression, and PAI-1 activity and up-regulated ACE-2 expression with concomitant reduction in AngII peptide. These data demonstrate a clear link between acquired PC deficiency and pulmonary inflammatory response in the rat sepsis model and provide support for the concept of APC as a replacement therapy in acute lung injury associated with acquired PC deficiency.Acute lung injury (ALI) leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a significant issue in the intensive care unit, with an incidence of 10 to 15% (Vincent and Zambon, 2006). Despite advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS and improved supportive care with optimal ventilation and fluid balance, mortality rates range from 30 to 50% (Bastarache et al., 2006). ARDS is a systemic disease with the majority of patients dying from multiorgan dysfunction (Vincent and Zambon, 2006), and there remains a significant need for new therapeutic interventions.Infection is a common cause of pulmonary injury, and in sepsis, the lung is the most often affected organ (Vincent et al., 2003;Bastarache et al., 2006). The lung is a major source of various inflammatory mediators that affect both local and systemic immune response (Ritter et al., 2005), and recent studies have identified specific markers associated with pulmonary dysfunction. For example, chemokines associated with leukocyte migration and activation such as MIP-1␣ and MIP-2 have been found in close association in pulmonary lesions (Sun et al., 2006) and associated with ...