The development and the calibration of a microscopic traffic simulation model, using MITSIMLab, for the entire metropolitan area of Des Moines, Iowa, are presented. The primary contributions include the application of a microscopic model on such a large-scale network and an effort for joint calibration of the model parameters and estimation of origin-destination flows. The application of microscopic traffic simulation models to very large networks such as this poses a number of methodological and practical challenges that are not faced with smaller applications. Solutions to these problems are both heuristic and analytical. The solutions presented are generic and hence applicable to any large-scale microscopic traffic modeling.
The proliferation of ocean observatories in the absence of agreed-upon standards for instrument and user interfaces and observatory control functions will constrain interoperability and cross-linking of disparate datasets. This will in turn limit the scientific impact of ocean observatories
and increase their operating costs. Devising hardware-based standards will be difficult given the different internal architectures of existing and planned ocean observatories. This paper proposes that instrument, data, and observatory control processes be wrapped with standard web services
which will provide a global software standard for these observatory functions. In addition to facilitating interoperability, state-full web services with workflow bindings for observatory instrument and data processes will enable dynamic user control of observatory configuration and the creation
of multiple virtual instrument networks within one or more ocean observatories. These concepts are defined and illustrated through a number of use scenarios.
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