Energi berasal dari biomassa berperan cukup strategis dan menduduki urutan ke 3 pasokan energi primer nasional, yaitu sebesar 20,06 % atau 307.346.838 BOE. Urutan pertama dan kedua masih dipasok oleh minyak bumi dan batubara yang berupa energi fosil tidak terbarukan. Sementara itu produksi batubara cukup besar namun belum diimbangi oleh pemanfaatan di dalam negeri yang baru sebesar 20 % dari kapasitas produksinya. Industri secara global sebagai konsumen energi yang besar telah mulai memanfaatkan batubara dan biomassa melalui sistem pembakaran co-firing sebagai upaya pemanfaatan sistem energi yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Pemanfaatan biomassa bersama batubara acapkali memerlukan peningkatan kualitas biomassa tersebut di antaranya melalui sistem torefaksi. Dalam rangka optimasi pemanfaatan kombinasi batubara-biomassa untuk industri nasional telah diidentifikasi komposisi dan jenis biomassa dalam bentuk briket batubara-biomassa tertorefaksi yang memenuhi kriteria bahan bakar industri. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa 70 % batubara, 25 % batang singkong tertorefaksi dan 5 % tepung tapioka sebagai bahan pengikat merupakan komposisi adonan briket ideal ditinjau dari nilai kalor dan kadar abu sebagai bahan bakar untuk pembangkitan energi termal dengan harapan akan berdampak pada pengurangan emisi terutama CO2 sekaligus merupakan upaya pemanfaatan sumber energi terbarukan dan mengurangi energi fosil tidak terbarukan.
Coal is an important energy source for industry and power plant in Indonesia. Its reserve is quite abundant around 28.5 billion tons. The Government of Indonesia issued the National Energy Policy (NEP) to target 25% of coal use of the national energy mix in 2050. The NEP directs national energy management for the provision and utilization of primary energy. However, there are worries about the ability of coal reserves in accommodating the demand from domestic and export needs. The National Energy Council recommended a coal production restriction policy for anticipation measures. This research investigated the current state of the coal reserves and the government policy to meet the target in 2050 using Vensim program. In the Vensim, a model was built to represent a coal supplydemand system. Several scenarios were simulated to analyze the relationship between government policy and the coal reserve. The result shows that government intervention such as coal production restriction policy is needed to ensure Indonesia's coal reserve can fulfill domestic demand for power generation and industry by 2050.
Steam drying process of the Low Rank Coals (LRCs) has been conducted to produce coal which is comparable with the High Rank Coal (HRC). Characterization of the raw and dried coals was carried out through proximate, ultimate, calorific value, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermo Gravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) to study the combustion behavior of the coals. This study used Indonesian low rank coals coming from Tabang (TKK coal) and Samurangau (SP coal), East Kalimantan. The results indicate that the calorific value of the dried coals increases significantly due to the decrease in moisture content of the coal. The FTIR spectrums show that the methylene-ethylene (RCH3/CH2) and aromaticity-aliphaticity ratios (Rar/al) of the dried coals increased while the ratio of RCO/ar decreased which reflect that the rank of the coals increased equivalent to the high rank coal (bituminous). Meanwhile, the TG-DTA indicates that the ignition temperature (Tig) and combustion rate (Rmax) of the dried coals increased. This analysis expresses that the dried coals produced by steam drying process have better combustion behavior due to the higher calorific value than those of the raw coals.
Biomass co-firing is recognised as a crucial technology to aid in the use of fossil fuels, particularly due to its relative ease of implementation. Many studies of the combustion processes associated with cofiring have been conducted elsewhere. This paper discusses the combustion characteristics of coal and torrefied biomasses. Combustion profiles can be used to study certain combustion properties of fuels and fuel blends. The biomass fuels utilized in this study include twig, trunk and weed as the wastes from tea plantation. The results of this work provide data concerning the combustion processes of co-firing determined by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) methods. Simultaneous thermogravimetric & differential scanning calorimetry/differential thermal analysis (STA, TGA-DSC/DTA) measures both the heat flow (DSC) and the weight changes (TG) in a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. The results indicate that the mixture of coal and torrefied trunk in the weight ratio of coal-trunk of 25:75 shows the best combustion performance compared to other compositions of coal -torrefied biomass.Keywords: coal, biomass, co-firing, torrefaction, combustion Kata kunci: batubara, biomasa, pembakaran bersama, pengarangan, pembakaran. ABSTRAK Sistem pembakaran bersama (co-firing) diakui sebagai teknologi yang dapat membantu dalam membatasi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil, terutama karena mudah untuk diimplementasikan. Beberapa studi tentang proses pembakaran terkait dengan pembakaran bersama ini telah banyak dilakukan. Makalah ini membahas karakteristik pembakaran batubara dan biomasa yang telah mengalami proses pengarangan (torrefaction). Profil pembakaran dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari
Solvent extraction method is one of the methods to reduce ash content in coal to improve the energy efficiency and reduce negative environmental impacts. The use of 1-methyl naphthalene (1-MN) as a solvent in the weight ratio of coal to solvent of 1: 3, 1: 6 and 1: 9 using three coal samples obtained from a coal washing plant, namely ROM (run of mine), DC (dirty coal) and RC (reject coal) was performed. Results show that the ash content of the extracted coals no or significantly low amount (<0.3%) ash contents. The highest extraction yield was obtained at 15.38 % (daf) at DC coal sample and coal to solvent ratio of 1:9, while the lowest at 3.09 % (daf) at ROM coal sample and coal to solvent ratio of 1:3. In addition, the extraction process with a solution of 1-MN also able to reduce moisture content of the coals, as a result the calorific value of the coals were significantly increased.
There is a deep-seated coal potency with a depth more than 100 meters below surface in Indonesia that has not been exploited yet. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is an unconventional technology that can become the solution to exploit the deep-seated coal potential by extracting coal into in-situ gas that can be converted to electricity or chemicals. Based on business analysis, this paper aims to analyze the implementation of UCG technology in Indonesia, whether it is potential or not. Data are collected from literature and analyzed using Porter Five Forces and PESTLE Analysis. The Porter Five Forces analysis shows that the implementation of UCG in Indonesia is still potential as an industry because the only threat will come from substitute products. PESTLE analysis shows that almost all the factors, except for technology, are very supportive of implementing UCG commercial plants in Indonesia. Based on both studies, it can be concluded that the UCG project is very potential to be developed in Indonesia. However, it needs full support and control from the government because it will become a pioneer project with financial and environmental risk still has not quantified ideally.
Batubara merupakan salah satu sumber energi potensial yang dapat menggantikan minyak dan gas bumi di masa depan. Dengan makin menipisnya kondisi cadangan minyak dan gas bumi Indonesia, diversifikasi dalam pemanfaatan energi perlu mendapat perhatian yang serius. Terkait hal tersebut, buku ini memperkenalkan metode baru penyediaan energi dari batubara tanpa melakukan penambangan terbuka, tetapi melakukan gasifikasi komoditas tersebut di bawah tanah (underground coal gasification/UCG) sehingga dapat digunakan untuk keperluan energi listrik. Buku ini memberikan informasi sumber daya batubara bawah tanah Indonesia ditinjau dari kondisi geologi, proses ekstraksi dengan cara gasifikasi in situ, hingga studi kasus pengembangan teknologinya yang dilaksanakan oleh Puslitbang Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara (tekMIRA). Selain itu, kajian keekonomian, regulasi, dan antisipasi kemungkinan timbulnya permasalahan lingkungan juga diulas dengan menggabungkan studi literatur dan hasil penelitian di lapangan. Hadirnya buku ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan referensi dan sumber informasi yang bisa memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna serta memberikan kontribusi dalam upaya pembangunan ekonomi secara nasional.
Teknologi gasifikasi batubara bawah tanah (underground coal gasification/UCG) merupakan teknologi alternatif ekstraksi batubara untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar gas dan syngas. Dibandingkan dengan penambangan konvensional dan gasifikasi permukaan, UCG menjanjikan biaya investasi dan operasional yang lebih kecil. Dalam tahapan komersial, produk UCG berpotensi besar untuk diaplikasikan dalam pembangkitan listrik, bahan bakar atau sumber energi dan produksi bahan kimia (Bhutto dkk., 2013). Untuk memiliki nilai komersial, bahan bakar gas hasil gasifikasi batubara ini perlu diolah terlebih dahulu, dan perhitungan keekonomian dalam kajian ini didasarkan kepada produk akhir setelah menjadi listrik dan SNG.
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