Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite and also produced from waste materials, such as coconut shell, rice husk, and bagasse. The GO obtained from pure graphite was compared with graphite made from Indonesian biomass (coconut shell, rice husk, and bagasse) that had its silica content removed. The characterization of GO was with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD images showed the formation of the GO and graphite from various angles and revealed that the chemical reaction had an important role in the formation of the GO particles. This was confirmed by the FTIR and Raman spectra, where the presence of various oxygen functional groups was identified. The FTIR spectra showed that the GO had some functionals oxygen groups within its structure.
The natural zeolite green color (GCNZ) from Ende-Flores, Indonesia has been activated with several acid solution series, characterized by XRF spectroscopy and used for methylene blue (MB) adsorption from aqueous solution. The characteristic of XRF showed that the natural zeolite has mainly composed of mordenite with Si/Al ratio of GCNZ before and after acid activated is 7.34 % and 16.28 % respectively. Surface area study was found out using the methylene blue adsorption method whereas adsorption process was done by the batch system. It was shown that average of surface area for GCNZ and activated green color natural zeolite (AGCNZ) is 49.069 m 2 /mol and 265.946 m 2 /mol respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of MB onto the surface of GCNZ is 42.441 mg/g whereas AGCNZ is 87.592 mg/g. Kinetic modeling studies showed the adsorption process fits with pseudo-first-order rate mechanism. Isotherm studies show that adsorption process is best to describe by Freundlich isotherm model. Also, the thermodynamic process indicates that adsorption is an exothermic process and spontaneous.
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