One of the ways to reduce the price of biodiesel fuel is to use waste fats of animal and vegetable origin. The objective of this work was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fatty acid methyl esters of animal and vegetable origin and their mixtures, to determine their motor characteristics, to choose the optimal composition of biofuel mixtures, and to perform comparative analyses of emissions of harmful components in exhaust gases. It was determined that pure fatty acid methyl esters of animal origin and linseed oil fatty acid methyl esters do not meet standard requirements and cannot be used directly in diesel engines. For diesel engines, three-component mixtures of rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME), pork lard methyl esters (PME) or beef tallow methyl esters (TME), and linseed oil methyl esters (LME) (where the proportion of LME and methyl esters of animal origin is 1:4) may be used as fuel. According to the comparative analyses of motor characteristics of three-component mixtures, they are practically equal to the certified RME and its mixtures with fossil diesel fuel. If these three-component mixtures are used for the high-speed diesel engine, CO emissions are reduced by 20%−50%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are reduced by 50%−60%, and the smoke opacity of the exhaust gases is reduced by 25%−70%. The increase in NO x emissions does not exceed 13%; no significant changes in the CO2 emissions have been noticed. When the mixtures with fossil diesel fuel that contained 30% of the aforementioned three-component biofuel mixtures were tested, CO emissions were reduced by 15%−40%, HC emissions were reduced by 30%−45%, and the smoke opacity was reduced by 25%−30%. The NO x emissions increased ∼6%; there were no notable changes in CO2 emissions.
Complex research into the change of parameters concerning the fuel economy, thrust, and harmful components of exhaust gases, namely, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxides (NOx), was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of fuel replacement; that is, mineral diesel fuel, which is normally used by diesel engine fleets of agricultural machinery in Lithuania, was replaced with biofuel (hereafter biodiesel), which is rapeseed oil methyl esters, hereafter RME. Diesel engine F2L511 and a single section of diesel engine A41 were chosen as models and tested within the above-mentioned research parameters. Fuel blends of mineral diesel fuel and RME-biodiesel fuel, and also pure RME, were tested as follows: BI0, in which the content of RME is 10%; B15 and B30, in which the contents of RME are 15% and 30% appropriately; and Bl00, which is pure RME. A nonlinear change of operational characteristics was determined depending on the loads of the diesel engine. According to its technical ecological parameters, B30-biodiesel fuel was acknowledged as the most convenient and reliable one being tested within a wide range of speed and load regimes. In the same range of speed and load regimes, the influence of technical conditions of the fuel injector on harmful emission parameters of diesel engine exhaust gases, while running on RME, was estimated by means of a failure simulation of the fuel injector, namely, gumming up the fuel injector nozzle. An improvement of all the ecological parameters was estimated by optimization of the diesel engine injection timing while running on RME.
Summary: Complex computational experiments in Systems Biology, such as fitting model parameters to experimental data, can be challenging to perform. Not only do they frequently require a high level of computational power, but the software needed to run the experiment needs to be usable by scientists with varying levels of computational expertise, and modellers need to be able to obtain up-to-date experimental data resources easily. We have developed a software suite, the Systems Biology Software Infrastructure (SBSI), to facilitate the parameter-fitting process. SBSI is a modular software suite composed of three major components: SBSINumerics, a high-performance library containing parallelized algorithms for performing parameter fitting; SBSIDispatcher, a middleware application to track experiments and submit jobs to back-end servers; and SBSIVisual, an extensible client application used to configure optimization experiments and view results. Furthermore, we have created a plugin infrastructure to enable project-specific modules to be easily installed. Plugin developers can take advantage of the existing user-interface and application framework to customize SBSI for their own uses, facilitated by SBSI’s use of standard data formats.Availability and implementation: All SBSI binaries and source-code are freely available from http://sourceforge.net/projects/sbsi under an Apache 2 open-source license. The server-side SBSINumerics runs on any Unix-based operating system; both SBSIVisual and SBSIDispatcher are written in Java and are platform independent, allowing use on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. The SBSI project website at http://www.sbsi.ed.ac.uk provides documentation and tutorials.Contact: stg@inf.ed.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
This paper highlights the results of scientific research on the possibility of increasing the biofuel concentration in the fuel used in diesel engines by introducing bioethanol in multicomponent diesel fuel mixtures containing fossil diesel fuel (D), rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME), and ethanol (E).In the initial stage of the research, we performed an analysis of the physicochemical parameters of fuel and comparative tests of a diesel engine running on pure fossil diesel fuel, rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME), and RME-E mixtures. In engine tests, it has been shown that increasing the ethanol amount in biodiesel fuel up to 40% leads to an increase in indicator index η i of the tested diesel engine 1A41 by 2.5%. CO and NO x emissions decreased up to 10-12% for every 10% increase of ethanol amount in blend with rapeseed oil methyl esters. The influence of different levels of ethanol on CO and NO x emissions from fuel and on experimentally defined dynamics of the indicator process can show alternative improvements of the performance characteristics of the diesel engine while working on fuel mixtures.
To expand the raw materials base for the production of biodiesel fuel, it is advantageous to make use of biobutanol (B) produced from renewable resources, which can be used in two ways as fuel for diesel engines: by direct inclusion into multicomponent fuel for diesel engines or by producing fatty acid butyl esters from rapeseed oil. Multicomponent fuels D70/B30, D70/B15/RME(RBE)15, and D50/B25/RME(RBE)25 meet the standards for fossil diesel fuel (D) and biodiesel fuel in terms of the main indicators of quality. When 30% biocomponents are included in a mixture with fossil diesel fuel, the effective efficiency factor of the engine (ηe) is as high as that of pure fossil diesel fuel, and reductions are achieved in the emission of all harmful components (CO, HC, NO x , and BSN). Usage of a such mixture is more promising if compared with a mixture containing higher content of biocomponents. Increase of biocomponents to 50% causes an increase in ηe of up to 4% compared to that of fossil diesel fuel, reduction in emissions of CO and BSN, and little change in the level of NO x and HC emissions. Also, the three-component fuel containing rapeseed butyl esters has better qualities than fuel containing rapeseed methyl esters. The introduction of biobutanol in three-component mixture instead of ethanol is more promising due to the better performance and environmental characteristics of the fuel.
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