Use of Waste Fats of Animal and Vegetable Origin for the Production of Biodiesel Fuel:  Quality, Motor Properties, and Emissions of Harmful Components

Abstract

One of the ways to reduce the price of biodiesel fuel is to use waste fats of animal and vegetable origin. The objective of this work was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fatty acid methyl esters of animal and vegetable origin and their mixtures, to determine their motor characteristics, to choose the optimal composition of biofuel mixtures, and to perform comparative analyses of emissions of harmful components in exhaust gases. It was determined that pure fatty acid methyl esters of animal origin and linseed oil fatty acid methyl esters do not meet standard requirements and cannot be used directly in diesel engines. For diesel engines, three-component mixtures of rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME), pork lard methyl esters (PME) or beef tallow methyl esters (TME), and linseed oil methyl esters (LME) (where the proportion of LME and methyl esters of animal origin is 1:4) may be used as fuel. According to the comparative analyses of motor characteristics of three-component mixtures, they are practically equal to the certified RME and its mixtures with fossil diesel fuel. If these three-component mixtures are used for the high-speed diesel engine, CO emissions are reduced by 20%−50%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are reduced by 50%−60%, and the smoke opacity of the exhaust gases is reduced by 25%−70%. The increase in NO x emissions does not exceed 13%; no significant changes in the CO2 emissions have been noticed. When the mixtures with fossil diesel fuel that contained 30% of the aforementioned three-component biofuel mixtures were tested, CO emissions were reduced by 15%−40%, HC emissions were reduced by 30%−45%, and the smoke opacity was reduced by 25%−30%. The NO x emissions increased ∼6%; there were no notable changes in CO2 emissions.

Analysis of the Ecological Parameters of the Diesel Engine Powered With Biodiesel Fuel Containing Methyl Esters From Camelina Sativa Oil

“…A physical mechanism of NO x and CO formation in the engine cylinder is di erent (Kruggel 1989;Звонов 1981). erefore, in most cases, the conversion of the diesel engine to work using di erent types of fuel is related to contrary changes in CO and NO x emissions (Lebedevas et al 2006b;Chen et al 2008;Al-Hasan and Al-Momany 2008;He et al 2003). Similar results are obtained in the current tests.…”

“…e authors obtained a similar dependence of CO emission on P e was during 1A41 and 2FL511 diesel engine tests on RME (Lebedevas et al 2006b). Di erently from those mentioned in the previous studies, a markedly less intensive growth of CO is close to the nominal one within the load modes.…”

“…Producing and using biofuels has opened a new area in Lithuania as well as researches in this area (Matijošius and Sokolovskij 2009;Pukalskas et al 2009;Raslavičius and Bazaras 2009;Lebedevas and Lebedeva 2009;Pukalskas 2008a and2008b;Butkus et al 2007; Lebedevas et al 2007;Raslavičius and Markšaitis 2007;Lebedevas et al 2006aLebedevas et al , 2006b.…”

Application of CaO from Psammotaea elongata Shell as Catalyst in Conversion the Beef Tallow to Biodiesel

“…Besides, their high cetane number and heating values are close to the diesel fuel and their oxygen content make animal fats to have surplus advantages [5,6]. Animal fats are highly viscous and mostly in solid form at ambient temperature because of their high content of saturated fatty acids.…”

Enhancement of the Stability of a Prolipase from Rhizopus oryzae toward Aldehydes by Saturation Mutagenesis

“…Recently, enzymatic transesterification using lipases has become more attractive for biodiesel production, since the glycerol produced as a by-product can easily be recovered, and the purification of fatty methyl esters is simple to accomplish. Owing to the higher price of biodiesel relative to petroleum fuel, waste triglycerides (e.g., frying oils) are often used as cheaper feedstock for the biodiesel synthesis (6,8,26), thus helping also to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment in sewage systems and generally assisting in the recycling of resources (12,19,23,24).…”