Kulit pisang raja (Musa x paradisiaca L) memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder salah satunya flavonoid yang berfungsi untuk antioksidan, kulit pisang raja memiliki nilai IC50 2,690 ppm. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui variasi konsentrasi dari Polivinil Pirolidon (PVP) terhadap sifat fisik tablet hisap ekstrak kulit pisang raja (Musa x paradisiaca L). Ekstrak kulit pisang raja diperoleh dengan metode remaserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Tablet hisap ekstrak kulit pisang raja dibuat menggunakan metode granulasi basah sebanyak 3 formula dengan konsentrasi PVP 1%, 3%, 5% yang kemudian dilakukan evaluasi untuk granul dan sifat fisik tablet. Hasil evaluasi granul menunjukkan bahwa PVP sebagai bahan pengikat menghasilkan granul yang baik. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan PVP konsentrasi 1%, 3% dan 5% menghasilkan sifat fisik tablet yang memenuhi syarat FI. PVP dengan konsentrasi 5% merupakan formula terbaik karena memiliki nilai rata-rata keseragaman bobot 514,93 ± 0,61 mg, waktu hancur 10,18 ± 0,16 menit, diameter 1,22 ± 0 cm, tebal 0,47 ± 0,006 cm, kekerasan 10,53 ± 0,51 kg dan kerapuhan 0,12 ± 0,01 %. Berdasarkan uji One Way Anova, variasi konsentrasi PVP berpengaruh signifikan terhadap waktu hancur tablet dengan nilai 0,012 (p < 0,05).
Steroid and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs have many side effects so that many anti-inflammatory developments are made from natural ingredients, especially in plants. Plants that are scientifically proven to have antiinflammatory characteristic, one of which is from Zingiberaceae family. Kencur (Kaempferiae galangal L.) is a type of herb and medicinal plant that has been widely recognized by Indonesian people. Further research needs to be conducted to determine the comparison of the effectiveness of kencur extract with sodium diclofenac as an anti-inflammation. The parameter observed in this study was inhibition of edema on the rat's foot after induced by 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan for 390 minutes. Edema volume was measured by using a plethysmometer. A total of 15 male rats weighing 200-250 gr were divided into 5 groups, namely the negative control group who were only given a PGA of 2%, the positive control which given sodium diclofenac 20mg / Kg of weight, and the extract group dose of kencur rhizomes respectively 45, 90 and 180 mg / kg. Edema volume measurement was performed every 30 minutes to 390 minutes. Edema volume data was used to calculate the percentage of edema inhibition, then the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and followed by LSD test to see the differences between groups. Ethanol extract of kencur with doses of 45 and 90 mg / Kg of weight at the 5th and 6th hours showed significantly different anti-inflammatory activity compared to the positive controls where the p value <0.005. This result shows that the ethanol extract of kencur can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent in male rats.
Acid gelugur fruit (Garcinia atroviridis) is one of the Garcinia families that has long been used as traditional medicine. Gelugur acid has been widely used as a cooking spice by Malay people, but it also has the ability to reduce cholesterol. Besides that, it has antioxidant properties and can reduce body weight and cholesterol. The purpose of this study was to establish specific parameter standards and non-specific parameters from the ethanol extract of acid gelugur fruit. The extract was obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol with a rendament of 37.15%. Specific parameters include observations of organoleptic extracts of tamarind fruit showed, dark brown, distinctive smelling, and sour. Contains several sekendur metabolites such as flavonoids and saponins. The level of the compound that is soluble in water is 3.6%, while the content of the compound dissolved in ethanol is 3.9%. Total ash content of 2.99%. Non-specific parameters include acid insoluble ash content of 1.03%. The drying rate of geluguric acid simplicia was 7.20%. Water content of sour fruit gelugur extract was 13%.
Penyakit metabolik yang melibatkan insulin dikenal dengan diabetes mellitus (DM) merupakan suatu gangguan yang melibatkan gangguan pada metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak dan protein yang berakibat pada peningkatan kadar glukosa darah. Diabetes melitus dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor yaitu usia, obesitas, riwayat keluarga, gangguan metabolisme glukosa, dan gaya hidup. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana efek setelah pemberian dapagliflozin tunggal dan kombinasi dengan metformin terhadap peningkatan gula darah puasa dan gula darah sewaktu pada mencit putih dengan induksi aloksan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental, data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variant) dengan signifikansi = 0,05, pengujian deilanjutkan dengan LSD Post Hoc Test untuk mengetahui perbedaan setiap kelompok perlakuan. Pengolahan data diproses dengan software SPSS. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa kelompok dapagliflozin monoterapi menunjukan penurunan profil kadar gula darah dengan nilai rata-rata selisih sebesar 39,48 mg/dL. Dapaglifozin-Metformin Kombinasi juga menggambarkan penurunan kadar gula darah dengan nilai rata-rata selisih sebesar 43.21 mg/dL. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan untuk terapi kombinasi anti diabetes menghasilkan efektivitas yang dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah dengan lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan dapaglifozin secara monoterapi. Analisis One way Anova penggunaan Dapagliflozin monoterapi menunjukan nilai F hitung 3.571311 dan nilai F tabel 3.4668, artinya terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna, oleh karena itu dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan uji LSD (BNT) kelompok dapagliflozin tunggal menunjukan nilai rata-rata kelompok 1 berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok 2 dan 3 , karena notasinya berbeda. Namun untuk yang terapi kombinasi Dapagliflozin-Metformin menunjukan nilai F hitung 1.351435 dan nilai F 3.468, artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna.
Analgesik obat yang digunakan untuk mengurangi dan menghilangkan rasa sakit tanpa hilang kesadaran. Tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai analgesik adalah tumbuhan daun kelor (Moringae Oliferae L.) dan daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.), karena kedua tanaman tersebut menunjukkan adanya senyawa seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, dan tanin. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui efek analgesik. Pada daun kelor dan daun belimbing wuluh mencit jantan Swiss Webster, dosis gabungan 2:2 dan dosis 800 mg ekstrak Moringa oleifera dan 1000 mg ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh dikurangi pada masing-masing tikus. Metode digunakan untuk menguji aktivitas analgesik adalah metode hot plate. Respon mencit sebelum pemberian dan 0, 15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit setelah pemberian diamati, dan data dianalisis dengan uji ANOVA dan LSD. Ekstrak daun kelor dan daun belimbing wuluh pada dosis kombinasi 1:1, 2:2, 2:1 ada efek analgesik pada mencit jantan galur Swiss Webster jantan. Tiga kombinasi terbaik yang memberikan efek analgesik yaitu pada kombinasi dosis 2:2 dan dosis 800mg dan 1000mg, rata-rata hasil proteksi tarik yang diperoleh adalah 0%, 65; 06%, 13; 65%, -15,29 %, 18; 33%.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease due to the body's inability to use insulin effectively resulting in an increase in blood sugar. Optimal blood glucose control has an important role to prevent complications in DM sufferers. Complications such as cardiovascular and kidney disease can cause morbidity and mortality in people with DM. Therefore, the selection of drugs that can protect the heart and kidneys is needed. One alternative that has emerged recently is known as the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2 inhibitor) class of drug. This study was aimed to describe the cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of using SGLT2 inhibitors in DM patients. The method employed was a systematic review by searching online scientific journals in the PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases of 2010-2020. The findings revealed that the SGLT2 inhibitor class of drug had a better effect on a significant reduction in cardiovascular and renal event. The cardioprotective mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors was related to sodiumhydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) in myocardium. While the renoprotective mechanism was related to the reduction of intraglomerular pressure. The conclusion is that SGLT2 inhibitors can provide cardioprotective effects such as reduced risk of MACE, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, death from cardiovascular causes and renoprotective effects such as slowing the rate of albuminuria development, decreasing the incidence of serum creatinine doubling, progressively lowering levels of kidney replacement therapy, and slowing down in kidney function.
Diabetes Melitus (DM) dikenal sebagai gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar gula dalam darah (hiperglikemia). Menurut data International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2017, jumlah diabetisi mencapai 415 juta jiwa dan diperkirakan akan terus meningkat pada tahun 2040 sekitar 642 juta jiwa (55%). Salah satu alternatif pengobatan untuk menanggulangi penyakit diabetes yaitu tanaman herbal diantaranya daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) yang kaya akan nutrisi, seperti phytochemical, karoten, senyawa flavonoid, senyawa phenoid, kalsium, besi, protein, vitamin serta memiliki kandungan antioksidan yang dapat menstabilkan radikal bebas sehingga dapat dijadikan proteksi terhadap diabetes melitus. Tujuan Penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui potensi daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah berdasarkan data ilmiah yang dikumpulkan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode literatur Review dengan pencarian jurnal ilmiah secara online pada database Science Direct dan Google Scholar terbitan tahun 2010-2020 dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan pendekatan PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparasion, Outcome). Hasil tinjauan literatur beberpaa jurnal, daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) berpotensi sebagai penurun kadar glukosa darah yang sangat efektif, selain itu daun kelor (moringa oleifera) menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap profil lipid, resistensi insulin, penurunan glukosa darah, dan penurunan berat badan secara signifikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa daun Moringa oleifera terbukti memiliki efek dapat menurunkan kadar gukosa dalam darah.
Corticosteroids are widely used as strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs to treat various diseases. However, the use of corticosteroids can cause several side effects, such as hyperglycemia. This review aims to examine the effect of corticosteroids on increasing glucose in molecular levels based on literature studies. A literature searching was carried out on the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases published in 2010-2020. Corticosteroids can cause an increase in blood glucose levels by several mechanisms. In the liver, glucocorticoids increase endogenous plasma glucose and stimulate gluconeogenesis. Glucocorticoids increase the production of non-esterified fatty acids which affect the signal transduction of insulin receptor substrate-1 in skeletal muscle. In adipose, glucocorticoids increase lipolysis and visceral adiposity through increased transcription and expression of protein adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. In pancreatic beta cells, glucocorticoids directly inhibit the beta cell response to glucose through the role of protein kinase B and protein kinase C. At the molecular level, corticosteroids can cause hyperglycemia through mechanisms in the liver, skeletal muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and pancreatic beta cells.
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